Value Risk Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Value Risk Management - Case Study Example TechWatt shall use it starting by doing our Value Study (this Study) during the Headquarters briefing stage preparations. Assuming the Value Study validates that it is a good idea to follow through and do our HQP, we shall carry out the Risk Management Study after awarding the architect-design contract, but before site set-up. The following advice is among RIBA guidelines. Architects (VRM professionals) and clients need to make and use a Plan of Work. They must work closely to form a good team for a successful project, and to be sure that all project team-mates know the information they must provide and their clearly-defined responsibilities. This VRM Study is our set of working ideas at TechWatt to use for a smart plan, to optimise value and minimise risk, to foresee some possible problems and consider ways to deal with them, and to lose no value to risks; or lose as little value as possible. Our business wants a new headquarters that is valuable to us now and in the future. First, we must consider many things including at least: future growth and financial stability, our company's needs, the location and costs of a new headquarters, and the monetary and non-monetary benefits we expect from moving into a new headquarters. To keep optimum value we must make and follow a Plan of Work with our architect. Our Plan must include and address negative situations or risks that can take away value. This Study leads to the following Plan of Work (in this order): - TechWatt's Strategic Briefing which states requirements for a Headquarters facility - a Project Briefing that has Outline Proposals by the Design Team (based on a review and further development of ideas in the Strategic Briefing) - Detailed Proposals that build on the ideas outlined in the Project Briefing Each step moves nearer to design and site development. The Risk Management part of this VRM Study suggests ways and back-up plans to minimise loss from risk. TechWatt's professional business is making hardware & software products. With no appreciable experience in facility construction, we will rely greatly on our architectural Design Team. Value Management We seek "value" at TechWatt, for the present and the future. We must clearly define what value is. RIBA makes clearly defining value a high priority in projects. It is the project vision so all on the project team work for the same goal. So, as early as possible and from the start, TechWatt must define "value" so the architect-design-construction team can work to achieve value. It becomes the centre of the Pre-Project Briefing, the Plan of Work and is designed into our headquarters. Value is the compass giving direction to all activity. Pre-Project Briefing: Do good appraisals (RIBA Work Stage A) We must carefully consider and appraise options to make Headquarters. We'll brainstorm the definition of value in the Pre-Project Briefing and put those ideas into our Strategic Brief to give to our architect-design team partners. Lacking experience in this area, we shall depend heavily on our design participants for expert advice during the Pre-Project Briefing (PPB). The PPB is a good starting point for all parties. TechWatt's key participants will include top management and other resident experts who should help appraise needs for a new facility and moving into it. We need similar participation by

Three writers walk into a bar Essay Example for Free

Three writers walk into a bar Essay Edward Said was not able to forget the images he had just seen in an art exhibition of Twin Tower and London Bombing. On one hand he was really touched by the effort done by the photographers to provide the grief and pain experienced by people affected by it and on the other hand the ability of people to fight with such crime helping each other even in such ghastly period. He just stopped on the road when he saw Shweder and Nussbaum coming towards him with friendly smiles on their faces and greetings. â€Å"How do you do?† asked Nussbaum while Shweder hugged him with courtesy. Said for a moment forgot the internal discussion he was having with himself. Nussbaum said, â€Å"It has been long that we have sat together and had some hot discussions.† Said smiled and told â€Å"May be I will not be able to participate as I am just coming from an exhibition and saw some horrific pictures of terrorist attacks. I am lost thinking about those who would have done and those who would have paid prices for that. You people can carry on.† â€Å"Than, we must sit to have a simple conversation, there is a good bar nearby, shall we go there? asked Shweder. â€Å"Sure† After sitting in bar Nussbaum told, â€Å"Oh, even we people from academic fields who studies these issues can not keep ourselves out of the emotional aspects.† â€Å"Come on we are human being everything in our society and surroundings impacts our emotional, mental and intellectual states.†Ã‚   Said told. â€Å"Yes, very true,† Shweder nodded with agreement and explained further â€Å"You know what we feel in that way because we have been bought up in the families where humanitarian values and moral aspects were given importance. It is our families which rooted this feeling deep within our hearts, brain and emotions that we should empathize with others.† â€Å"No, I have a different view altogether in such scenario.† Nussbaum leaned forward to pick up almonds from the plate and explained further, â€Å"You know when I see around me, I find people running for endless destinations. They do not know or bother to know who lives next to them or who is sitting besides them. They are so busy with themselves that even husband and wives do not get time for each other as compared to the past. Compassion has lost its meaning. But such kinds of events†¦.please do not take me otherwise, I am not supporting terrorism, but I am giving my view on implications of such attacks in other way round. People have come closer to others. Said have sympathy for those whom probably he has not even seen or met. What it means? Terrorist on one hand are spreading terror but as a by product of such activities people irrespective of their ethnic, sexual, economic backgrounds are coming together to hold each other’s hand and share their pain and grief.† â€Å" Said, what do you think how people can go to such extent?† â€Å"Shweder you know fundamentalism very well, you have written so much for this particular topic. This is an ill effect of fundamentalism. These people w execute terrorist attacks are taught only what handful of people think is right. They do not get enough   freedom to choose what they want to study or learn. They only learn what these people want. The overall learning process is around such things which are not good for human society.† â€Å"Yes I know.† Anyway I feel now I am comfortable, thank you both of you.

Bruce Stovel’s A Contrariety of Emotion’: Jane Austen’s Ambivalent Lovers in Pride and Prejudice :: Pride Prejudice

Bruce Stovel’s A Contrariety of Emotion’: Jane Austen’s Ambivalent Lovers in Pride and Prejudice The hero and heroine in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice forever intrigue critics, and in Bruce Stovel’s essay, they are once again analyzed. Thoroughly researched and imaginative in scope, Stovel’s â€Å" ‘A Contrariety of Emotion’: Jane Austen’s Ambivalent Lovers in Pride and Prejudice† presents a novel interpretation of Elizabeth and Darcy’s relationship. Stovel believes that the lovers’ relationship is neither love-at-first-sight nor hate-at-first-sight. Instead, he firmly believes that since Pride and Prejudice is comic, it has a â€Å"both/and rather than an either/or vision† (28). Drawing the definition of â€Å"ambivalence† from the Oxford English Dictionary, Stovel clarifies that what Elizabeth and Darcy feel toward each other is ambivalence – â€Å"the coexistence in one person of the emotional attitudes of love and hate, or other opposite feelings, towards the same object or situation† (27). Sandwiching his analyses of the ambivalent lovers between his deliberations on Austen’s intentions and other critics’ inductions, Stovel is able to lodge his essay in a broad, meaningful context. However, this strength of Stovel’s essay is also a flaw, because as Stovel spews forth a list of what other critics think, the reader is left to wonder what Stovel himself thinks. When Stovel finally reveals his opinions, he speaks of â€Å"moral patterns† and â€Å"psychological states† as being ambivalent characteristics of Elizabeth (28). Although Stovel’s idea has great potential for expansion, he fails at explaining this concept clearly. It is difficult to grasp the connection between the â€Å"moral† engagement of Elizabeth in â€Å"protecting herself from her own sharp intelligence† and her being â€Å"humiliated by Charlotte’s defection† (29). After all, Elizabeth prides herself on being a â€Å"studier of charact er† (Austen, 38) and she is shocked at – not â€Å"humiliated by† – Charlotte’s marriage to Mr. Collins. Elizabeth cannot believe her friend’s defection, because she has previously told Charlotte that it is unsound to believe â€Å"it is better to know as little as possible of the defects of the person with whom you are to pass your life† (Austen, 21). Stovel states that Elizabeth’s â€Å"psychological predicament† is being unable to think well of others (Stovel, 29). This is untrue, because Elizabeth admires her sister Jane for thinking well of everyone, and she â€Å"could easily forgive [Darcy’s] pride, if he had not mortified [hers]† (Austen, 19). In short, Stovel is correct in uncovering the contrarieties of Elizabeth’s thoughts and emotions, but he does so with some poor examples from Austen’s text.

Laos Wedding

Laos Wedding When I watched the Thai movie Lao Wedding, I remembered Khru Poi’s wedding and compared how similar the weddings are. The movie’s premise is very interesting. The movie started with the female protagonist, seen as anxious and nervous about the wedding. She called her fiance and we learned that they haven’t really been together for so long yet they will marry. The male protagonist is a magazine writer/photographer form Thailand while the girl is from Laos. The guy is sure about their wedding, but the girl is a bit worried.But eventually, the wedding went on as planned. I found the setting very interesting, it’s in Laos, and it seemed like it was in the provincial area since there were only a few people shown. When the couple are going out in restaurants and clubs, there are only very few other customers, most of the time the establishments are even empty. The town seems very quiet and peaceful, very different from the city. I think it was inten tional that the setting was placed there, to compare how different it is from the usual city life.It was really interesting to see the different customs and traditions of Laos wedding ceremonies. I also compared it with the Filipino wedding and it was quite similar especially the part where the parents of the ones to be married talk about the event. Overall, I find the film okay. I was not totally jumping about it. It wasn’t really boring but I just found that not much happened, not much comedy, not much romance. But I find the movie interesting because of the real life situation/dilemmas couples from different countries face.

Learning Disabilities Why Self esteem Essay

As a child goes through teenage life, he or she is exposed to many different challenges, stressors, and prospects. An imperative factor in handling these challenges is a positive self-concept and high self-esteem. Through teenage life, schools should be preparing students to become a comfy part of the general population, quickly bending to their environs (Saghatoleslami, 2010). A population of students that necessitate closer attention are Learners who have been diagnosed with a learning disability. Learners with learning disabilities are likely to represent 2% to 10% of the student population (Reese, Bird, &Tripp, 2007). Learners with learning disabilities tussle with self-concept and self-esteem, which in tum can lead to amendment difficulties, substance abuse, depression, and suicide ideation. It is, therefore, essential to monitor the self-worth of students and help mend and advance their self-concept and self-esteem. When bearing in mind students with learning disabilities, it is important to weigh their self-concept and self-esteem in a different way, understanding different social factors that come into play (Moller & Pohlmann, 2009). There are many facets to self-concept and self-esteem, and coping with a learning disability has an influence on a student’s quality of life. For both students with LD and students who have not been diagnosed with LD, active parental involvement can directly influence a student’s self-concept and self-esteem (Saghatoleslami, 2010). The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Public Law, splits 12 types of categorizations of learning disabilities, in which children may be fit for special education and interrelated services. These types are; (a) autism, (b)deafness, (c)deaf-blindness, (d)hearing impairment, (e) mental retardation, (f) multiple disabilities, (g) orthopedic impairment, (h) severe emotional disturbance, (i) visual impairment, (j) speech or language impairment, (k) traumatic brain injury, (l) and specific learning disability (Moller & Pohlmann, 2009). Autism is an age-linked disability significantly affecting verbal and non-verbal communication and social relations, typically evident before age three. Deafness is an earshot impairment that is so austere that the child is lessened in processing linguistic info, with or without augmentation; deaf-blindness is a synchronized visual and hearing impairments. Hearing impairment is of the audible range, whether perpetual or mutable. Mental hindrance re lates to suggestively below usual general cerebral functioning, which prevail concurrently with shortfalls in adaptive performance. Multiple disabilities: the exhibition of 2 or more disabilities such as mental retardation-blindness, an amalgamation that involves special accommodation for ultimate learning (Moller & Pohlmann, 2009). Additionally, there are corporal impairments; orthopedic impairment is physical disabilities, which include congenital impairments, caused by illness, and impairments from further causes (Berdine, 2010). Grave emotional disorder is a disability where a child of typical intellect, has strain over time and to a patent degree, building pleasing interpersonal relationships; (a) retorts inappropriately psychologically or emotionally under ordinary circumstances; (b) exhibits a pervasive mood of unhappiness; (c) or has a propensity to develop physical signs or fears. Detailed learning disability is a malady in one or more of the basic psychosomatic processes convoluted in understanding or in expending language, written or spoken, which may patent itself in an imperfect knack to speak, read spell, think, write, or do mathematical calculations; dialogue or language impairment: a communication (Moller & Pohlmann, 2009). Disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a type of linguistic impairment, or the voice impairment can be considered a detailed learning disability. Traumatic brain injury is an assimilated injury to the brain caused by a marginal physical force, resulting in partial or total functional disability or psychosocial impairment or possibly both (Berdine, 2010). Visual impairment is a pictorial struggle (including blindness) that, even with correction, unfavorably affects a child educational performance. Learning disabilities can disturb students in diverse manners. As studies designate, self-concept and self-esteem are two vital elements during a student’s foundational years. Throughout this time, students begin to express and realize who they will turn into as grownups. The self-concept that is established during this time canines over into maturity (Elbaum & Vaughn, 2010). For this purpose, it is vital to consider the adverse effects of LD, especially during a teenager life. Dyson points out that children who have proficient denial, disgrace, and disappointment have outlooks of low self-worth and defenselessness (2008). Both students with LD and students without LD exhibit varying levels of self-concept and self-esteem. These self-concepts adapt and grow as a student develops from childhood, through adolescence, and into adulthood. Students with LD reported that they felt worse about their general intellectual ability than students without LD (Moller & Pohlmann, 2009). This can result in negative self-concept and low self-esteem. By implementing evidence-based interventions, students with LD can develop a positive self-concept and improve their self-esteem. One such response includes positive parental involvement. When parents are involved in the lives of their children in a positive way, the self-concept and self-esteem of their child improves. A challenge of active parental involvement pertains to the difficulties of communicating with a child who has LD (Dyson, 2008). Utilizing parental programs to overcome such adversities positively affects the parent/child relationship. Through this active int eraction, adolescents with LD improved academically and emotionally. A lot of children with LD get these emotions more often than students with no LD. This can have a philosophical effect on their educational self-concept as well as their general self-esteem. The importance of this topic is substantial, as the American Psychiatric Association (2007) establish that between 3% and 8% of the learners’ population, especially children are affected by LD. Utilizing the Self-Perception Profile for teenagers, Moller and (2009) established that high school learners with LD conveyed they felt worse about their general mental ability than did students not diagnosed with LD. Furthermore, using the Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale, it has been shown that students with LD scored significantly lower on the subscale of Intellectual and School Status. This is significant because these students were in separate classes with other students in special education (SPED), including students with emotional disturbances or cognitive impairments. When students are deliberately taken out of the general classroom, it becomes apparent to them that they are different from typically developing students. By separating students, it can have an adverse effect on their self-concept. This can have an adverse consequence on their self-esteem and academic achievement (Ochoa& Emler, 2007). The response to this unruly is not as easy as moving towards an inclusive system where students with LD learn with typically developing students. In a study shepherded by Barrera, it was revealed that the self-concepts of students with learning disabilities attending comprehensive schools were inferior to those of their classmates devoid of learning disabilities (2009). The discoveries are all too shared, since a meta-analysis prepared by Barrera established the same incongruity (2009). Due to these common judgments, many schools have relocated away from an integrative class. In other situations, the self-concepts of students with learning disabilities may be improved through adapting instruction to the wants of each student (Elbaum & Vaughn, 2010). Constructing the best erudition environment for each student wishes to be a precedence within the overall school system. Once students with LD associated themselves with others with LD, they conveyed that they felt improved about their recital than children with LD, who likened themselves to their aristocracies without LD (Ochoa & Emler, 2007). This largesse contradictory information. When unraveling students with LD from archetypal students, it can have an undesirable consequence on their self-concept and self-esteem. On the affirmative side, nevertheless, when students with LD are studying with other students with LD, they may incline to compare themselves to their partners with LD. This outcome in a more optimistic self-concept and advanced self-esteem in students with LD. Every school is exclusive in its tactic to students with LD, and it is significant to consider these educations when determining whether or not students with LD should be encompassed in the general classroom or placed in a distinct studying setting. Age is an imperative factor in appreciating what the best intervention is for a st udent with LD. While academic interventions were most consistently effective for elementary students, counseling interventions were the most reliably effective for middle and high school students (Elbaum & Vaughn, 2010). These results have an effect on the academic self-concept for the student and do not necessarily hold true for other dimensions of self-concept. Elbaum and Vaughn also pointed out that, overall, counseling and mediated interventions were the only interventions that had a significant effect on general self-concept (2010). These findings complement previous statements regarding the importance of creating an intervention strategy that is malleable, as well as unique to each student who passes through the intervention plan (Reese, Bird, &Tripp, 2007). To create a single intervention strategy, it may be useful for a school to use the interpersonal competence profile. By using the ICS-T and the ICS-S and comparing the two, a unique strategy can be created for each student that best serve s his or her learning style. This tool can be useful to determine if an inclusive or separated intervention strategy would best help each student with LD. The insight provided by Berdine; because self-knowledge emerges from, and is sustained by, our experiences with others, negative self-views have interpersonal as well as personal components (2010). This means that for people to enjoy improvements in their â€Å"self-views†, changes must occur not only in the way they think about themselves, but also in the environments that sustain their own self-views (Berdine, 2010). The value of this quote is substantial. Not only is this positive self-concept paramount for students with LD, it is also significant for everyone. Our experiences in life and our perception of who we are define what we eventually become. In Positive Teacher and Parental Involvement, it is important for teachers and parents to affect the self-concept and self-esteem of students with LD by remaining positive and encouraging them to succeed. This is evident, as it was exhibited that there was an incongruity between self-assessments of students with LD and their ed ucators’ verdicts. They discovered that students alleged themselves to be more proficient than their teachers rule on them. Furthermore, Moller and Pohlmann (2009) indicated that teachers were commonly unaware of students’ perceptions of abilities. For better communication between teachers and students, it may be beneficial for tutors to devote time to students to converse their perceived strongholds and weaknesses. When parents were positively involved in the lives of their children, the self-concept of their children was affected in a positive way (Ochoa& Emler, 2007). The student’s paternities can also petition or appeal to the learning institution, or to the director of distinctive education and complain of their child being gaged. They may sense that the child is not developing as he, or she ought to be, or identify or detect certain glitches in how the child does. If the school believes that the child, undeniably have a disability, then the school must perform a valuation. If conservatory staff do not sustain that the learner has a disability, they may well decline to consider the child, but should apprise the parents in lettering as to their whys and wherefores for rebuffing. If parents believe intensely that their child does, certainly, have a disability that needs special edification, they may entreaty a due process earshot, where they will have the chance to spectate why they believe their juvenile should be appraised. To be assessed, there are numerous of probable assessments that are acknowledged in the IDEA, that is, Individuals w ith Disabilities Education Act (Elbaum & Vaughn, 2010). When parents interacted and maintained, a positive attitude with their children, a more positive self-concept was developed and self-esteem was raised (Berdine, 2010). Conversely, when the interaction between parent and child was minimal, or family communication was poor, negative self-concept and low self-esteem resulted. Dyson (2008) found that children with LD themselves can contribute to a lack of communication between child and parent. In line, child and parental cognitive-behavioral factors reciprocally amplify one another over time. For parents of high school students with LD, communication was often directly related to the nature of the learning disability (Berdine, 2010). When a parent and child were unable to communicate wholly due to the child’s disability, it adversely affected the relationship. This alone is reason enough for parents of children with LD to explore various options for the betterment of communication with their children. When this lack of communicat ion compounds over time, stress can be built up for the child as well as the parent. If the guardian of a child with LD exhibits stress surrounding their child’s disability, that child tends to have problems with social competence as well as display more behavior problems (Dyson,2008). This presents a direct correlation between parental stress regarding a child’s disability and the self-concept and behavior of that child. When parents show a positive environment for their child with LD, it helps to reinforce a sense of positive self-concept and high self-esteem. Children with LD have a strong academic self-concept and high self-esteem when they receive positive feedback from teachers and parents (Dyson, 2008). When children have a healthy self-concept, they are less likely to have a low self-esteem (Reese, Bird, & Tripp, 2007). To determine if a child is adequate for classification in one of these regions of exceptionality, an individualized appraisal or valuation, of the child must be carried out. This is accomplished through IDEA. The IDEA stipulates a number of requirements regarding estimates of children alleged of having a disability. While a more comprehensive description of these requirements is presented in the Persons with Disabilities Education Act, these rations are briefly summarized as follows: In advance a child is evaluated for the first time, the school district must acquaint parents in writing (Berdine, 2010). Parent’s commitment gives written consent for the school system to carry out this first evaluation also identified as a pre-placement appraisal. Evaluations must be accompanied by a multidisciplinary team such as speech and dialectal pathologist, occupational or physical therapist, medical specialists, and school psychologist. They must include at least one teacher or sentinel who is knowledgeable about the area of the child’s alleged disability. The assessment must carefully investigate all areas related to the child’s suspected impairment (Dyson, 2008). Indeed not a sole technique may be used as the sole norm for determining a child’s eligibility for special services or for deciding his or her suitable educational placement. Moderately, the evaluation method must utilize a variety of valid evaluation instruments and observational data. All testing must be done independently. Trials and other evaluation materials must be delivered in the child’s primary language or manner of communication, unless it is evidently non-realistic genuine to implement. All tests and other evaluation resources must be authenticated for the particular drive for which they are used. This tells that a test may not be used to evaluate a student in an exact area unless the test has been premeditated and validated through examination as measuring that definite area. Valuations must be conducted in a fair way. This means that the trials and evaluation resources and procedures that are the castoff may not be ethnically or culturally prejudiced agains t the child (Montgomery, 2011). The assessment team must guarantee that any test used is administered correctly by a person fitted to do so, that the test is being used for the objectives for which it was meant, and that the child’s disability does not conflict with the child’s ability to take any test measuring specific abilities, the child’s visual impairment changes his or her ability to read and rightly answer the questions on an test. Suitable, comprehensively, and accurately assessing a child with an alleged disability clearly presents a substantial challenge to the assessment team (Dyson, 2008). Valuation in educational locales serves five main purposes: (a) screening and proof of identity: (b) to screen children and recognize those who may be experiencing delays or learning problems; (c) eligibility and diagnosis: to govern whether a child has a disability and is entitled to special education amenities, and to analyze the specific nature of the student’s glitches or disability;(d ) IEP growth and placement: to provide comprehensive evidence so that an Individualized Education Program (IEP) can be enhanced and proper decisions may be implemented of the child’s educational placement; (e) instructional scheduling: to develop and plan instruction apt to the child’s individual needs; and evaluation: to assess student development. (Berdine, 2010). One program that was used to influence parental/child interaction positively was Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP). (Barrera, 2009) Used STEP to deliver parents with training on how to answer more positively to their children. The outcomes displayed that parents had a very strong influence on their children’s self-concept. Additionally, Barrere suggested that classroom interventions to augment self-concept might be enhanced by involving parents in a synergistically designed parent program (2009). As previously mentioned, students with LD are more likely to struggle with social competence (Dyson, 2008). Having active parental involvement in the life of a student with LD helps facilitate improvement in this realm, thus positively influencing a student’s self-concept (Dyson, 2008). Intervention strategies for students with LD within the school setting resulted in underwhelming outcomes at times. To better the chances of success, schools may see benefits by involving parents in their intervention strategies. When parents interacted with their children frequently, positive outcomes generally occurred. As Reese, Bird, and Tripp (2007) found parent-child conversations regarding positive past events contained the highest amount of emotional talk regarding the child. Additionally, during conflict discussions, a moderate amount of positive talk was found. This positive talk can have a profound effect on the self-concept of a child. The link between conversations regarding past positive events and children’s self-esteem was substantial (Brown && Hooper, 2009). In Critical Analysis, there were three main research questions addressed in this studies: (1) what is the dissimilarity stuck between self-esteem and self-concept? As the constructs of self-concept and self-esteem share similarities, it is important to delineate the two constructs in order to depict their differences clearly. Self-concept is defined as people’s overall composite or collective view of themselves through multidimensional sets of domain-specific perceptions. These judgments are based on self-knowledge and evaluation of value or worth of one’s competences formed through involvements with and understandings of the environment. A person’s self-concept not only comes from internal individual perceptions, but can also be influenced by different experiences and external information from others. People’s self-concept addresses a more factual side of their life, such as knowing what they enjoy or what they tend to think about themselves. Self-esteem, as defined by Ochoa and Emler, is the sense an individual has about himself or herself that affects the way he/she views himself or herself (2007). These opinions include self-observations, perceived feelings of him/herself, and self-knowledge. How the individual feels is addressed within self-esteem, whereas self-concept addresses what the person thinks or sees about himself or herself. Self-concept is a construct that stays relatively constant over time, while self-esteem can vary throughout a person’s lifetime (Berdine, 2010). (2) How do students with learning disabilities and scholars who have not been established with a learning disability compared in regards to self-concept and self-esteem? Present study endorses that there is an alteration in the levels of self-concept and self-esteem between students who have been detected as having learning disabilities and students who have not been analyzed as having a learning disability. Barrera, (2009) established that high school students with LD reported that they felt worse about their general Intellectual ability than did students who have not been diagnosed with LD. Students with Learning disabilities who were in separate classes with other students in SPED, such as students with emotional disturbances or cognitive impairments, were found to have a lower self-concept on the Intellectual and School Status subscale. This finding suggests that the separation of the individual with a learning disability from the general education classroom can have an adverse e ffect on the student’s self-concept. Comparatively, Brown and Hooper (2009) showed that students with learning disabilities attending inclusive schools had a lower self-concept than classmates without a learning disability. Whether students are included in the general education classroom or separated and placed with other students with disabilities, their self-concept was consistently lower than that of students without disabilities (Montgomery, 2011). It is important to note the research that the self-concepts of students with disabilities can be heightened through tailoring instruction to the needs of the individual student. According to Saghatoleslami when students with LD compared themselves to other peers with LD, they felt better about their performance than did children with LD, who associated themselves with their peers without LD (Saghatoleslami, 2010). These findings suggested that pairing students within the general classroom on the basis of instructional level and individual needs positively influenced the self-concept and self-esteem of pupils with learning disabilities. (3) Does the level of active parental and teacher involvement have an effect on a student’s self-concept and self-esteem? According to the existing research, active parental and teacher involvement has a positive impact on student’s self-concept and self-esteem. Dyson (2008) found that children with LD have a positive academic self-concept and high self-esteem when they receive positive feedback from teachers and parents. The environment the parent provides, as well as the dialog between the guardian and the youth, are both factors that play a role in the student’s development of self-concept and self-esteem. For instance, Dyson (2008) found that if a parent of a child with LD exhibits stress surrounding their learner’s disability, that child tended to have problems with social competence as well as display more behavior problems. When parents presented a positive environment for their child with LD, it helped to reinforce a positive self-concept and a sen se of high self-esteem. Additionally, communication was often related to the nature of the learning disability, especially when the parent and the child were not able to communicate due to the child’s disability. This, in turn, adversely affected the relationship between a parent and child (Ochoa && Emler, 2007). It was supported that with positive interaction and a parent’s positive attitude toward their children, a more positive self-concept was developed and self-esteem was raised from the child (Montgomery, 2011). The emphasis is a positive interaction and support from the parent to positively influence self-concept and self-esteem. Along with a positive stress, there is also a weight on alliance between the home and school to upkeep consistency between the two settings. Saghatoleslami (2010) found that active parental involvement in a wellness-based prevention program in schools was helpful in building positive self-concepts in children and college students. Additionally, Montgomery, (2011) suggested that classroom interventions used to increase self-concept might be enhanced by involving parents. The involvement of parents or other supportive figures, bettered the chances of success across settings, as there were collaboration and communication occurring between parents and teachers. A limitation of the analysis is the broadness of the subjects. While there is an assortment of LD types, there was no sub-typing of LD in this study. Furthermore, self-concept and self-esteem were measured on a broad scale, with minor sub-typing of self-concept. Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, and physical attractiveness were not taken into consideration when measuring a student’s self-concept or self-esteem(Dyson, 2008). Finally, this studies are not applicable across cultures. The vast majority of research reviewed was conducted in the United States. Based on the analysis, it is clear that the most complex measure of self-concept and self-esteem is necessary. In future research, obtaining more data regarding self-concept and self-esteem will make additional subtypes available, both for these two domains, as well as subtypes of LD (Reese, Bird, &Tripp, 2007). Further implementations need to be aimed at supporting students with LD. The focus of future support for students with LD should be not only academic, but have emotional and psychological support as well. Many interventions are aimed at improving the grades of students with LD. In addition to this, specific attention should be placed on the betterment of their self-concept, as well as the improvement of their self-esteem. Both teachers and paternities should be included in future studies to promote positive self-concepts and increase self-esteem. Through in future studies, effective evidence-based solutions will be found. References American Psychiatric Association. (2007). Diagnostic and statistics: manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Author. Barrera, M. (2009). Roles of definitional and assessment representations in the identification of new or second language learners of English for special education. Journal of Learning Disabilities. Berdine, W. H., (2010). Assessment in Special Education (5th Ed.) Boston: Little Brown. Brown, F J. Hooper, S. (2009). Journal of Intellectual Disabilities. 13 (3), 195-201 DOI: `10.1177/1744629509346173 Dyson, L.L. (2008). Children with Learning Disabilities within the Family Context: An assessment with siblings in global self-concept, academic self-perception, and social competence. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 18, 1-9. Elbaum & Vaughn, (2010), Parent- teacher- and self-rated motivational styles in ADHD. Journal of Learning Disabilities. Moller, & Pohlmann, B. (2009). Achievement and self-concept of students with Learning Disabilities. Social Psychology of Education, 12(1), 113-122. Montgomery, M. (2011). Self-concept and children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(4), 254-262. Ochoa, G.M., & Emler, N.P, (2007). Adjustment problems in the family and school contexts. Attitude towards authority and violent behavior in school in adolescence. Adolescence, 32, 779-794. Reese, E., Bird, A., & Tripp, G. (2007). Children’s self-esteem and moral self: Links to parent-child conversations regarding emotion. Social Development, 16, 460-478. Saghatoleslami, M. (2010). Adjustment to college: College students with learning disabilities. Dissertation Abstracts International, 66, 2315. Source document

10 Cause and Effect Essay Topics on the Food Movement Its Rise and Fall

10 Cause and Effect Essay Topics on the Food Movement Its Rise and Fall When it comes to writing a comprehensive cause and effect essay on the rise and fall of the food movement, you have to back it up with solid facts that are supported by good references. In this first guide, you’ll be provided with 10 facts on the rise and fall of the food movement so that it becomes easier for you to write a really good essay on the subject. Our second guide, 20 topics on the rise and fall of the food movement for a cause and effect essay, provides you with 20 topics to choose from, along with a sample essay to get you moving in the right direction. And finally, the third guide, 3 patterns to organize your cause and effect essay on the food movement, explains how to outline your essay to make it flow smoothly. Without further ado, here are top 10 facts on the rise and fall of the food movement: When McDonald’s opened its fast food chain in 1986 near Piazza de Spagna in Rome, Carlo Petrini protested against the globalization of fast food, believing that food should be clean and natural, it should taste good and please the senses. He also pointed out that food producers should have a fair compensation for their hard work. This led to the inception of his organization Arcigola, now known as Slow Food. The main goal was to make people aware of good, clean and healthy food while avoiding foods that are â€Å"fast† or highly processed. By law, U.S. farmers who label their products as organic are required to feed their animals with pure organic food which should be free of any chemicals. Farmers are also required to avoid using any kind of antibiotics or synthetic growth hormones in feeding their animals. The farmers are also encouraged to keep their animals in a clean, safe and cage-free environment. Did you know since 1900, the diversity of food produced by Europe has decreased by up to 75% and America has lost over 90% of its food product diversity in the same period? It should also be noted that nearly 30,000 kinds of vegetable species have gone extinct since the last century and more continue to go extinct every six hours. This is why communities like Slow Food Movement are trying to negate the food production diversity. Food grown locally and naturally is fresher and more nutritious compared to that brought in from long-distance commutes. Non-processed food reduces the risks of chronic digestive diseases and prevents common illnesses like obesity and high blood pressure. Naturally occurring, locally grown food allows us to make better food choices as there’s more nutritional value to be had.Generally speaking, food that’s grown locally naturally is always better in terms of health and nutritional value because you know how it’s grown and where it is coming from. Carlo Petrini isn’t the only major contributor to the Slow Food Movement; Alice Waters has made extensive contributions to the community; in fact, she is a noted chef who has applied the Slow Food philosophy in her own restaurant in California. She has written several books on the Slow Food Movement, actively promoting it and also formed Edible Schoolyard, where schoolchildren can learn how to grow food naturally and appreciate its importance as well as nutritional value. Did you know buying food directly from farmers helps them retain a greater portion of their retail costs? These costs are typically taken over by â€Å"middlemen† firms, which results in even higher profits for the big fast food corporations. Buying locally grown produced directly by farmers helps them preserve and better sustain their rural communities as well. In addition, you are getting fresh, nutritious and healthy food at lower costs compared to those sold by fast food companies. In May 2011, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) introduced its new online Food Desert Locator. Tom Vilsack in an official press release explained that this new tool would help professionals recognize those communities where healthy food is very limited and expensive and private-public interventions would be able to provide fresh, affordable and healthy food to these communities. According to a calculation made by a Swedish researcher in 1993, the ingredients that he had found in the Scandinavian table: bread, butter, coffee, cheese, apple, orange juice, cream and sugar; traveled a distance of 24,900 miles, which is equivalent to the circumference of our planet. This is the reason you’ll often hear people talking about â€Å"food miles† in the US, UK and Western Europe, where the food movement is a common topic of discussion. In 2014, the International Food Information Council conducted a survey in which subjects were asked what they prefer to see on product labels? Out of 8% of people who responded to the survey, half said they wanted biotechnology specs mentioned on labels while the other half of them wanted to see some processing information or a source of the product. This clearly indicates there isn’t adequate knowledge available to the open public about the food movement and its benefits to people. In simple words, the food movement is not as large as it is considered by many people. The Ketchum study conducted in 2015 indicated that consumers are becoming more aware of what’s nutritionally best for them and what isn’t. However, organic products only account for 5 percent of the total food market. This is justified by the hard data (what people actually buy), which clearly shows that old habits die hard and it may take some time to really â€Å"build a taste for it† and appreciate organic products rather than processed foods. There you go! These top 10 facts will surely help you to write an amazing essay on the rise and fall of the food movement. Next up, you’ll be supported with the second part of the guide where you’ll find 20 different topics to write a cause and effect essay on the subject. It will also include a sample essay to help you get along. Finally, we’ll introduce you to our third guide 3 patterns to write a stellar cause and effect essay. References: Thrupp, L.A. 1997. Linking biodiversity and agriculture: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable food security. World Resources Institute, USA. Martinez, S., et al. 2010. Local food systems: Concepts, impacts, and issues. United States Department of Agriculture: Economic Research Report, No. 97. Gale, F. 1997. Direct Farm Marketing as a Rural Development Tool. Rural Development Perspective, 12. pp. 19-25. Organic Trade Association, Web Accessed March 2015. How are animals raised organically?. Roberts, Alison, July 2009. Carol Petrini: The slow food tsar. The Independent. independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/carlo-petrini-the-slow-food-tsar-427783.html The WorldWatch Institute, 2011. State of the World, Innovations that Nourish the Planet. Broad, G. (2016). Food Systems, Food Movements, Food Justice. In More Than Just Food: Food Justice and Community Change (pp. 33-59) University of California Press.

Public Speaking Essay Example

Public Speaking Essay Example Public Speaking Essay Public Speaking Essay Essay Topic: Public Speaking Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Introduction Impact of loss of parents on their children Life would be remarkably different if we all lost both parents simultaneously. I lost both my father and mother when I was 22 in a tragic car accident. My experience in life after the accident lasted over two years before I was fully recovered. In this period, I have made new friends, acquaintances and contacts that have proven useful later in life. In my time trying to come to terms with the reality, I have also made many decisions that have been successful. All these achievements have been made possible through persistence, friendship and hard work. Apart from academic success, the loss has contributed significantly to my increased awareness of the value of long life. Parents are a guiding and supporting factor and thus, they hold the key to either the success or failure of their children. Children develop physical and emotional bonds with their parents from birth to adulthood and the loss of one or both parents weighs heavily on the lives of the children left behind in terms of t he financial burden and the loneliness The loss of parents exposes children to new perspectives concerning their livelihood, family and sustenance. Most survivors of such losses react negatively to the new conditions where the parents are absent from their lives. I managed my situation by openly welcomed any opportunity to meet new academicians, further my knowledge and improve on what I already know. Personally, the loss has made me take on new challenges that have been entertaining as well as educative. The loss of parents is difficult in that it gives the added challenge of living without people for companionship, support and encouragement. Outline Introduction Have you ever wondered where you would be without your parents? I. Discussion on how people lived with parents before their loss II. The effect of loss of parents on personal and professional life of children III. The importance of parents in the life of an individual Transition: Give examples of how parents influence the lives of a child. Body I. Psychological, emotional and physical changes in being an orphan A. The type of life led prior to the loss of parents. B. Events leading to parents’ death and the subsequent orphan status C. Life after loss of parents Transition: My parents’ influence on my personal life II. The effect of the car accident on personal and professional life A. Personal affects that lack of parents has on me. B. Professional affects that lack of parents has on me C. My reactions to these differences in the lifestyle without parents Transition: Giving a summary on the importance of parents III. Discuss the importance of parents. A. Guides, advices and consoles you through difficult or challenging times B. Provides financial and moral support Conclusion: I. I discussed with you on how my parents died in a car accident. II. I have explained how the loss had an impact on my life. II. I will finish by discussing the significance of parents in the lives of individuals.

Build your Author Street Team in 4 Simple Steps

Build your Author Street Team in 4 Simple Steps Authors: Build Your Street Team in 4 Simple Steps Last updated: 2017/12/07â€Å"No man is an island,† as the old poem goes. In much the same way, you don’t get to become a successful writer without some help along the way.  When you're marketing your book, companies like  Reedsy can certainly give you access to experienced freelance marketers – but in time you must also learn to rely on your Street Team.2. Finding your ‘first gangers’ Even if you end up with a fabulous book deal down the line, your street team will remain amongst your most important allies during the process of marketing your book. By staying on their radar and not wasting their time with spam, you can keep your street team happy and ready to help you the next time you release a book. Have you put together a street team before? Where did you find them and how did they help you promote your book? Share your thoughts by leaving a comment below.

Critical Thinking 2 Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Thinking 2 - Speech or Presentation Example All the sectors are related and affect each other. a) For each unit change of an independent variable, the change in the quantity of Chevys sold or demanded is equivalent to the coefficient of the variable. Therefore; a unitary change in the following independent variables will cause a corresponding change in quantity demanded by; The increase in the price of tickets resulted into increased profits in the short-run. However, in the long-run, profits declined owing to the fact that in the long-run, the customer is not willing to purchase the ticket at an increased price. a) These goods conform to the law of demand. This is because the law of demand states that an increase in the price of a commodity would lead to decrease in its demand as consumers would be less willing to purchase the commodity at a higher price, thus leading to a negative price elasticity of demand. On the other hand, an increase in consumer’s income would lead to an increase in demand of the commodity as consumers are able to consume more of the commodity, thus leading to a positive income elasticity of

Essay style Why has the European Union been particularly active in its

Style Why has the European Union been particularly active in its employment anti-discrimination measures Set out the ma - Essay Example The diverse nature of conflicts within the European requires some form of moderation in order to achieve a level playing ground that can effectively lead towards the attainment of the shared goals (Salama & Council of Europe 2011, p. 121). The EU membership comprises of countries that speak different languages, which imply different cultures and worldviews. Some of the countries have had some historical challenges that could threaten the harmonious coexistence within the Union. Concerns over the possible dominance of some countries over others and presumed imbalances in various aspects of life such as business, global influence, and resources have fueled concerns of prejudice, preferential treatment, and discrimination within the union. It is because of this that the EU endeavors to enhance its operations in ways that foster unity and balance among member countries. Discrimination is largely a factor of competitive advantage (European Commission, 2008, p. 65). Discrimination is most likely to occur in conditions where many nationalities come together towards the attainment of certain objectives. Internal competitions and power struggles will tend to surface in ways that make it problematic for countries to articulate their concerns more effectively. The constituent members within the Union seek the attainment of certain political goals, social goals, and economic goals. The reality of discrimination places a direct hurdle towards the attainment of these goals. Tendencies of cultural supremacy and fears of cultural inferiority have, in the past, slowed down the integration of the EU members. Some countries have expressed reservations that the current operational climate is skewed in favor of particular countries (Corry, 1996). Internal differences between Anglophone members of the EU and other countries have led to fears of discrimination, which are because some countries are likely to benefit from undue advantage over others. It is for this reason that the EU s ought to draft specific legislations that provide sufficient safeguards against the possibility of lapsing into acts of discrimination based on language, culture, or country of origin (Fella & Ruzza, 2012, p. 40). These specific safeguards are meant to assure the member countries of fairness in the treatment of their citizens and countries in terms of certain benefits that relate to the specific issues that connect with the mutual interests that connect with the union. Discrimination usually imposes structural and systematic obstacles to the victims (Kahn, 2008). It curves out a system that provides privileges to some people or groups while subjecting others under unfair treatments. On this score, the EU sought to prevent the possibility of discrimination, as a way of encouraging the full participation and impartial treatment of its member countries and the citizens of the same countries as they moved about within the region covered geographically by the union (Falkner, Treib, & Hol zleithner, 2008). Efforts to determine the real extent of EU’s power should be understood from the fact that the union embodies certain qualities and virtues that must be upheld for the sake of its sustenance. The realization of the projected ends of the union depends significantly on the manner in which the unions operate and the balance of power and relations between them. The handling of matters of discriminati

Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Activity Research Paper

Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Activity - Research Paper Example Within thÐ µ fiÐ µld of Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship studiÐ µs, it is dÐ µbÐ °tÐ µd whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ Ã' rÐ µÃ °tion of nÐ µw Ã' ombinÐ °tions rÐ µquirÐ µs thÐ µ Ã' rÐ µÃ °tion of Ð ° nÐ µw orgÐ °nisÐ °tion or if it is Ð °lso mÐ °dÐ µ possiblÐ µ through innovÐ °tion in Ð µxisting orgÐ °nisÐ °tion (;).In Ã' ompÐ °rison, thÐ µ psyÃ' hologiÃ' Ã °l Ã' hÐ °rÐ °Ã' tÐ µristiÃ' s sÃ' hool of Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship foÃ' usÐ µs on pÐ µrsonÐ °lity fÐ °Ã' tors Ð °nd Ð ° numbÐ µr of diffÐ µrÐ µnt Ð °spÐ µÃ' ts hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn Ð µxplorÐ µd in thÐ µ rÐ µsÐ µÃ °rÃ' h. ThÐ µsÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ pÐ µrsonÐ °l vÐ °luÐ µs suÃ' h Ð °s honÐ µsty, duty, rÐ µsponsibility Ð °nd Ð µthiÃ' Ã °l bÐ µhÐ °viour, risk-tÐ °king propÐ µnsity, thÐ µ nÐ µÃ µd for Ð °Ã' hiÐ µvÐ µmÐ µnt (MÃ' Ã ¡lÐ µllÐ °nd, 2000) Ð °nd loÃ' us of Ã' ontrol (StorÐ µy, 2001: p25). Ð dhÐ µrÐ µnts to this sÃ' hool of thought do not bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µ thÐ °t Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurs Ã' Ã °n bÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd or trÐ °inÐ µd in thÐ µ Ã' lÐ °ssroom. ThÐ µ Ã' lÐ °ssiÃ' Ã °l Ð µÃ' onomiÃ'  sÃ' hool is rÐ µflÐ µÃ' tÐ µd in thÐ µ rÐ µsÐ µÃ °rÃ' h by Ð °uthors suÃ' h Ð °s Ð ¡Ã °ntillon (1992) Ð °nd SÃ' humpÐ µtÐ µr (1986). In fÐ °Ã' t Hjorth (2004) points out thÐ °t ЕuropÐ µ hÐ °s Ð ° long Ð µstÐ °blishÐ µd trÐ °dition of Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship Ð °nd thÐ °t thÐ µ tÐ µrm â€Å"Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µur† dÐ µrivÐ µs from thÐ µ FrÐ µnÃ' h vÐ µrb â€Å"Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µndrÐ µÃ¢â‚¬ , mÐ µÃ °ning to undÐ µrtÐ °kÐ µ. KÐ µy Ð °spÐ µÃ' ts of this sÃ' hool of thought Ð °rÐ µ innovÐ °tion, Ã' rÐ µÃ °tivity Ð °nd disÃ' ovÐ µry. In pÐ °rtiÃ' ulÐ °r, SÃ' humpÐ µtÐ µr (1986) sÐ °w thÐ µ Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µur Ð °s somÐ µonÐ µ who would disrupt thÐ µ Ð µÃ' onomiÃ'  Ð µquilibrium, thÐ µ SÃ' humpÐ µtÐ µriÐ °n Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µur would bÐ µ Ð °n innovÐ °tor providing thÐ µ indispÐ µnsÐ °blÐ µ driving forÃ' Ã µ for Ã' Ã °pitÐ °li st Ð µÃ' onomiÃ'  growth. ThÐ µ mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt sÃ' hool of Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship is bÐ °sÐ µd on thÐ µ bÐ µliÐ µf thÐ °t Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship Ã' Ã °n bÐ µ tÐ °ught (SpinosÐ °, 1997). Ð s Ð ° rÐ µsult, Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship is viÐ µwÐ µd Ð °s Ð ° sÐ µriÐ µs of lÐ µÃ °rnÐ µd Ð °Ã' tivitiÐ µs with foÃ' us on thÐ µ Ã' Ã µntrÐ °l funÃ' tions of mÐ °nÐ °ging Ð ° firm. In Ã' ompÐ °rison, thÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrship sÃ' hool of Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship is oftÐ µn viÐ µwÐ µd Ð °s thÐ µ non-tÐ µÃ' hniÃ' Ã °l sidÐ µ of thÐ µ mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt sÃ' hool Ð °s foÃ' us is upon thÐ µ Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µur Ð °s Ð ° â€Å"pÐ µoplÐ µ mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µr† or Ð °s Ð °n Ð µffÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr/mÐ µntor whosÐ µ mÐ °jor rolÐ µ is in motivÐ °ting, dirÐ µÃ' ting Ð °nd lÐ µÃ °ding pÐ µoplÐ µ (Ð ldriÃ' h, 1999). ThÐ µ FrÐ µnÃ' h trÐ °dition Ð °ssoÃ' iÐ °tÐ µd with thÐ µ work of Ð ¡Ã °ntillon (1992) suggÐ µsts thÐ °t thÐ µ Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µur is thÐ µ kÐ µy figurÐ µ who opÐ µrÐ °tÐ µs within Ð ° sÐ µt of Ð µÃ' onomiÃ'  mÐ °rkÐ µts. HÐ µ hÐ °s thÐ µ forÐ µsight to Ð °ssumÐ µ unÃ' Ã µrtÐ °inty; hÐ µ rÐ µÃ °Ã' ts to profit opportunitiÐ µs Ð °nd bÐ µÃ °rs unÃ' Ã µrtÐ °inty. This Ã' ontrÐ °sts with thÐ µ GÐ µrmÐ °n-Ð ustriÐ °n trÐ °dition rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd by SÃ' humpÐ µtÐ µr (1986) whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ SÃ' humpÐ µtÐ µriÐ °n Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µur plÐ °ys Ð ° disÐ µquilibrÐ °ting rolÐ µ by innovÐ °ting, i.Ð µ. introduÃ' ing nÐ µw goods or mÐ µthods of produÃ' tion Ð °nd thÐ µ opÐ µning of nÐ µw mÐ °rkÐ µts.ThÐ µ Ð ¡hiÃ' Ã °go trÐ °dition is Ð °ssoÃ' iÐ °tÐ µd with thÐ µ work of Knight (2000), who suggÐ µsts thÐ °t Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurs Ð °rÐ µ rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ for thÐ µir own Ð °Ã' tio ns. ЕntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurs Ð °rÐ µ prÐ µpÐ °rÐ µd to tÐ °kÐ µ risks in Ð °n unÃ' Ã µrtÐ °in Ð µnvironmÐ µnt. Knight Ð °lso suggÐ µstÐ µd thÐ °t Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurs hÐ °vÐ µ skills Ð °nd Ã' ompÐ µtÐ µnÃ' iÐ µs thÐ °t Ð µnÐ °blÐ µ thÐ µm to suÃ' Ã' Ã µssfully Ã' o-ordinÐ °tÐ µ sÃ' Ã °rÃ' Ã µ rÐ µsourÃ' Ã µs, whiÃ' h distinguishÐ µs thÐ µm from othÐ µr individuÐ °ls.

Salmon Fishing in the Yemen Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Salmon Fishing in the Yemen - Movie Review Example Worse still Afghanistan is bombed, a factor that leads to the British PM, Maxwell Patricia call for the need to strengthen the relationship between the British and Muslim worlds4. In the business world, it is possible that cultures differ. Each of the cultural worlds tends to be suspicious of the other party as they do not share the same experiences and beliefs. As seen in the film, Harriet is frustrated by Jones, the fisheries expert who has numerous misconceptions about Yemen’s ability to sustain the business5. In fact, Jones is wary that he might tarnish his business name in the event that he invests in the Yemen community and is completely against the project, to an extent that he walks out of the meeting6. In this case, it is warranted to argue that the profits that would be accrued from investing in Yemen can easily be lost due to the cultural variations between the two parties. Jones is simply uninterested by any chance getting involved with the Yemenis but Harriet insi sts7. Later in the film, culture is seen as yet another barrier to business success. Jones finally agrees to the business plan and a meeting with the Sheikh is set8. Upon arrival, at the Scottish Highlands, Jones reveals that he has no faith, an aspect that demoralizes Sheikh who believes that the fishing industry requires a commitment to one’s faith9. This sparks a conflict between both parties who have a conflict of interests that emanate from their cultural faith. However, the project goes on well despite the personal problems in the lives of Jones and Harriet but cultural issues continue to dwindle the success of the business10. This time, Sheikh is accused of staining the Islamic world by doing business with the West11. It gets to a point that the Sheikh is to be assassinated by some radicals, and faces opposition from the locals who do not want the pods to be operational. Sheikh attempts to explain that he opened the pod for the good of the people, but the locals are no t impressed with that fact at all12. This can arguably be indicated to emanate from the variations in beliefs from the two worlds. Arguably, culture has played a major role in the assessing the various outcomes of the project. In the event that both parties would not have jeopardized their beliefs in terms of culture, it is obvious that the business would not have succeeded one mile. This is for the reason that each of the parties would be quick to judge the other and use their misconceptions in the business. It is the respect of the cultural variations that led to the success of the project in the long run, as the interests of the business were put first; thus, picking the best from each group. From the film, it is clear that Sheikh is quick to explain the spirituality and the religion that is linked to fishing, but Jones seems not care about that, but the project success13.

C-Span analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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The e-government and e-procurement situation in the GCC countries Research Paper

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C-Span analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

C-Span analysis paper - Essay Example The so-called C-Span, or the Cable-Satellite Affairs Network, which is an American cable television network that undergoes broadcasting government and public affairs. It is also made-up of several television channels such as; * C-SPAN features live coverage of the House of Representatives * C-SPAN2 covers the Senate and airs Book TV on weekends * C-SPAN3 covers other live events and airs archived historical programming Some are saying that it is a boring show, for it shows information that is not with the interest of some viewers who are seeking only entertainment. C-Span has something to do with American National Government for it also covers the side of political aspects, the current situation of the politics in the country. The happenings inside the state are broadcasted and are shown to the public. By the C-Span we are informed of the events that are happening from time to time. It up dates us to news. It also archives information for future documentation and viewings.

Concept of Human Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Concept of Human Nature - Essay Example It is the confirmation of friendship or competition that we will concern with. In the bygone eras, there were wars and rumors of war. There were those who went to fight battles and returned as heroes. Then there were those who fought battles but did not return. There were also those who masterminded plans of action for the furtherance of kingdom. And there were others who masterminded treacheries. Scores were settled in the process of wars and battles. The charade was so well knit and appeared so real that none noticed the element of treachery in the episode. Sometimes the plans boomeranged on those who engineered the plots. The plots were so brilliantly drawn and executed that it was not till the final act was over one could perceive anything amiss. However, in the end, some way or the other, the executor of the treachery was exposed and divine justice settled the scores with just retribution (Song of Roland). Not all the scenarios ended in bloodbath. There were those who spent time in soliloquy and reflection. They were men and women of foibles and passions like the rest of mankind. They laughed and cried in their childhood. They embraced in lust in their adolescence and they went in the worldly way of business. But they remembered their ways. They felt something amiss. They knew that they had crossed the boundaries of decency at such a time and place. The peace had departed from them and they were like caged animals. They lived in the open air, but they felt the iron bars around them. They constantly felt the pricks of their emotions like swords after their souls. Then they had to break down. They had to open up (The Confessions of J.J. Rousseau). Destiny with God After all the things are said and done, the end comes with a mixture of sadness and happiness. The secret thoughts are hardly spoken. The matters of the heart are kept very closely guarded secrets. The keepers of secret do so for a reason. They dread to speak about their longings and desires. They hide them away like treasures. They wait for the end. They know the opportune time will come. The fear is there that the end might not come according to their plans. There is the lingering fear that the object of their desires might go the opposite way. They pursue the goal of their desires with all diligence. Sometimes they come so close that they could grasp it with their arms. But they must wait. The right time has not arrived. They must pine away some more time. Ultimately they reach their goal. The time is now ripe. They could count the cost. They could look back and see the long and arduous journey. Many died on the way. There is the tinge of sadness around the joy of triumph. They have won the war, but at the cost of some battles. One cannot undo the trysts of destiny. One has to march on. There are some miles yet to go. One cannot march on without having learnt to bear the gains and losses of a journey. It is enough that you have come so far. We must learn to wait to see what is yet to come (Racine). Conclusion There are those that scheme and plot to have circumstances go their way. They succeed many times. Then there are those who make sincere plans and goals and work at achieving them. They may or may not succeed. It is fine if they

Value Chain Management Essay Example for Free

Value Chain Management Essay Explain how operations strategy is influenced by customer and business prospective and where in a standard value chain you would expect to see your chosen topic addressed. INTRODUCTION Every organization’s operations strategies are concerned with getting things done; ie producing merchandise for customers. However, most people believe that operations management is only concerned with short-term, day-to-day issues. In essence, all business organisations are concerned with how their business will survive and prosper in future. In contemporary terms, most business strategies are recognised with a plan as part of or a set of intentions that will set theirr long-term directions of their actions that are needed to ensure future organisational success. Thus, no matter how strong their plan is or how noble their intentions, are, any organisation’s strategy can only become a meaningful reality, in practice, if it’s operationally instigated. Every organisation’s operations are equally important because most organisational activity comprises the day-to-day activities within the operations function. It’s the process of daily actions of operations, when considered in their totality that constitute the organisation’s long-term strategic direction. The relationship between an organisation’s strategy and the operations involved is a key determinant of its ability to achieve long-term success or even survival. Organisational improvement is only likely to result if short-term operations activities are consistent with long-term strategies and hence, make a contribution to competitive advantage. The relationship between corporate operations and the other business functions is similarly important. The objective of the operations function is to produce goods and services required by customers whilst managing resources efficiently. This can then lead to conflicts within an organisation. Conflicts between operations and selling functions are likely to centre on the marketing aspect to ensure that operations concentrate on satisfying customers. Whilst this may seem enduring, marketing will usually want operations to suit customer needs under usual circumstances. Therefore, this is likely to lead to demands to produce  bigger volumes, more varieties, better quality, a faster response, and so on, all of which are likely to lead to less efficient operations. Conflicts within the operations, the accounting and finance functions, on the other hand, are likely to centre on the desire of accounting and finance to want operations to manage resources as efficiently as possible. This will pull operations in exactly the opposite direction of that desired by marketing. Conflicts within operations and the human resource management function are likely to centre on issues of recruitment, selection, training, management and the reward of those employed within operations. For example, operational managers may want to vary organisation-wide policies in order to meet local needs; a move likely to be resisted by human resource managers. The operations function lies at the heart of any organisation and interacts with all the other functions. As such, achieving agreement about what decision areas lie within the remit of operations, and what should be the basis of decision-making within operations is an essential part of ensuring the consistency of action over time necessary for a successful organisational strategy. OPERATIONS STRATEGY My introduction towards operational strategic purposes has highlighted the strategic importance of operations to organisational performance. The importance of operational strategy is essential to an organisation as this will determine the extent to which its business strategy can be implemented, but also as its operations can be a source of competitive advantage within any businesses value chain. First I will outline what exactly is meant by the term operations strategy. Slack et al, argues that an operations strategy concerns the pattern of strategic decisions and actions which set the role, objectives and activities of operations. His use of this term ‘pattern’ implies a consistency in strategic decisions and actions over time. This concept is consistent with a theorist guru, Henry Mintzberg’s view of strategy as being a ‘pattern in a stream of actions’ (Mintzberg and Waters, 1985). Henry Mintzberg, views strategy as being realised through a combination of deliberate and emergent actions. An organisation can have an intended strategy, perhaps as a set of strategic plans. However, only some  of his intended strategy may be realized through deliberate strategy. Some of the intentions may be unrealized. Strategies which take no regard of operational feasibility are more likely to have low marketing prospects, remaining merely as a set of intentions. Strategies may also emerge from actions taken within the organisations functions, which over time form a consistent pattern. Actions of this kind will, almost inevitably, arise from within the operations of the organisation. So, whether intentionally planned or otherwise, the business operations are bound to have a major impact on the formation of organisational strategy. It’s often said that strategy is an issue which is somehow separate from day-to-day organisational activities. If taken to extremes, this can result in strategies being regarded as some kind of cerebral activity performed by superior’s who need to be removed from day-to-day operational pressures. Theorists such as Mintzberg is amongst those who point out to the dangers of managers becoming detached from the basics of the enterprise. Mintzberg and Quinn (1991) call this the ‘don’t bore me with the operating details; I’m here to tackle the big issues’ syndrome. They caution that, ‘the big issues are rooted in little details’. Operational strategy, the processes and content: A. Operational strategy processes: How an organisation sets about developing appropriate operation strategies and B. Operational strategy content: What the key decision areas are and what needs to be addressed in developing any operational strategy. OPERATIONS STRATEGY PROCESS As discussed above, operational strategies have a vertical relationship in the corporate hierarchy within business and corporate strategies, and horizontally with the other functional strategies, mostly recognised within marketing strategies. Operations strategy might come about in a top-down or a bottom-up process with regard to business and corporate strategies. Similarly, an operations strategy might be developed in response to market requirements (i.e. market-led) or be based on the capabilities of its operational resources (i.e. operations-led). As this gives rise to four  perspectives on operation strategy (Slack and Lewis, 2002). Each perspective places a different emphasis on the nature of the operations strategy process. Top-down The top down perspective is the operations strategy which it comprises of, and is supportive of the organisation’s business purposes; an operations strategy that the organisation uses to realise its business strategy within any value chain. This concept follows in line with the perspective of the Hayes and Wheelwright stage 3 organisational strategy process. According to this theory, the process of developing an operations strategy would follow Skinner’s approach of identifying an operation’s ‘task’ (Skinner, 1969). The task for operations would be determined logically from the business strategy. Using Slack et al.’s, five operations performance objectives theory, as one way of articulating the operations task. For example, if the organisation’s business strategy involves the offering of low pricing, then the operation’s task should be one of achieving low costs in operations. If the business strategy is based on offering customers fast delivery, then the operations task should be one of achieving speed in operations, and so forth. In a multi-business organisation, the top-down perspective emphasises operations strategy being linked to corporate strategy via the business strategy of each business unit. This then raises the question of whether it is possible to talk of ‘corporate’ operations strategy. If corporate operations strategy means commonality, in all aspects of operations, then this would only be possible if each business unit has similar business strategies and similar operations tasks. (Johnson and Scholes, 1999) However, some theorists such as Hayes et al would argue that any corporate operational strategy does not mean that every facet of operations must be the same in each business unit. Rather, operations decisions are considered enormously at the corporate level with a view to meeting corporate strategic objectives. A failure to do this means that operations decisions are taken only at the level of the business unit, with a view to meeting needs of that business unit. The dangers of doing this have been pointed out by theories, who caution against letting the needs of the business unit dominate strategic thinking. This can lead to operational competences being confined  within individual business units, thereby restricting their future development, which includes preventing their spread to other business units and limiting opportunities for synergistic developments across the corporation. This can be particularly important in multi-site, multi-national enterprises. ( Prahlad and Hamel, 1990) Bottom-up The bottom-up perspective is one which sees the operations strategy as an element emerging through a series of actions and decisions taken over time within operations. These actions or decisions might at first seem to appear to be somewhat risky as operations managers respond to customer demands, seek to solve specific problems, copy good practices in other organizations, etc. However, they usually coincide over time to form a coherent pattern recognisable as an operations strategy. The actions then taken within this kind of strategy are likely to be characterized by a continuous series of sporadic improvements rather than the large one-off technologically led changes that require large capital investments in new plant and machinery. The bottom-up perspective is one where the organisation learns from its experiences, developing and enhancing its operational capabilities as operations managers try new things out in an almost experimental routine using their workplaces as a kind of ‘learning laboratory’ (Leonard-Barton, 1992). Easy Jet Case Study Although EasyJet only undertook its first flight in 1995, when it operated two routes (London Luton to Glasgow and Edinburgh), ten years later, the budget airline offered 212 routes to 64 European airports and transported over 29 million passengers in 2005. EasyJet now carries more passengers within Europe than British Airways. Analysts expect EasyJet and its Irish based rival Ryanair, to both overtake all traditional airlines to become the largest short-haul operators in Europe by the end of the decade. The Luton based airline is known as continuously expanding, recently announcing the purchase of a further 20 Airbus A319 planes to service the ever increasing number of routes it operates. In 2005 EasyJet carried up to 30 million  passengers, up from 25.7 million in 2004, making it a  £1.3 billion business! Despite record high fuel level costs, profits were up and around 10 per cent to  £68 million. Passenger numbers rose 21 per cent to 29.6 million and the load factor, indicating how many seats are filled, was 85.2 per cent, reflecting the airline’s popularity. The low cost lines like EasyJet have revolutionised the airline industry in Europe. Modelled on South West Airlines in the USA, these airlines have not only helped create a whole new market of cost-conscious travellers but have taken market share from established operators like British Airways and become the most profitable airlines in Europe. To be profitable, these airlines have to achieve low costs to match the low fares, which are the main attraction to their passengers. With its head office as a large tin shed adjacent to the main taxiway at unfashionable Luton Airport, all of EasyJet’s operations are aimed at minimising costs. This is done in a number of ways: Use of the Internet to reduce distribution costs. EasyJet sells around 95 per cent of all seats over the Internet. Its online booking system uses a variable pricing system to try to maximize load factors.(Prices start very low – sometimes free, and rise as seats are filled.) The fuller the aircraft the lower the unit cost of travel. (Scholes and Johnson,1999, pg12) Ticketless travel Passengers are emailed with their travel details and booking reference numbers. This helps reduce significantly the cost of issuing, distributing, processing and reconciling millions of tickets each year. Neither does EasyJet pre-assign seats on board. Passengers sit where they like. This eliminates an unnecessary complexity and speeds up passenger boarding. No free on board catering. Eliminating free catering on board reduces cost and unnecessary bureaucracy. Passengers can purchase food and refreshments on board. Efficient use of airports. EasyJet flies to the less crowded airports of smaller European cities and prefers the secondary airports in the major cities. These also have lower  landing charges and normally offer faster turnarounds as there are fewer air movements. EasyJet’s efficient ground operations enable them to achieve turnarounds of less than 30 minutes. This means EasyJet can achieve extra rotations on the high-frequency routes, maximising the utilization of aircraft. EasyJet’s ability to offer point-to point travel means that it does not have to worry about onward connections for passengers and their baggage, further simplifying its operations. Paperless operations. EasyJet have embraced the concept of their paperless office, with all its management and administration undertaken entirely on IT systems. These can be accessed through the use of servers from anywhere in the world thereby enhancing flexibility in the running of the airline. (Scholes and Johnson,1999, pg12) Many of the manufacturing practices that are now considered leading edge such as JIT, TQM, Statistical Process Control, were developed in just; such a fashion by Japanese manufacturers responding to the constraints placed upon them in the aftermath of the Second World War. One of the problems associated with this perspective is that the organization may not recognize what its operations strategy is. Mills et al. (1998) have developed a technique that aims to overcome this by enabling managers to construct a visual representation of operations strategy as realized. It does this by tapping into the organization’s collective memory, whether written or verbal, to map all of their most significant events in operations over the previous number of years. This should enable managers to recognise the patterns that now make up the existing operation’s strategy. Market-led The market-led perspective is one where the operations strategy is developed in response to the market environment in which the organisation operates. There’s a number of approaches within operations strategy that suggest how this might be done. The best known of these theorists is that of Terry Hill (1985). He suggests that an organisation’s operations strategy should be linked to its marketing strategy by considering how its products and  services win orders in the market place. He believes it’s possible to identify two types of competitive criteria in any market. Market qualifying criteria are those factors that must be satisfied before customers will consider making a purchase in the first place. Order winning criteria, on the other hand, are the factors in which customers ultimately make their purchasing decision. For example, for many airline passengers, the order winning criteria is price, with criteria such as destination city, time of flights and convenience of travel to and from airports being market qualifying criteria. For others, notably business travellers, the order winning criteria may be factors such as in-flight service or total travel time. Consequently, an operations strategy should be developed which will satisfy market qualifying criteria, but excel at order winning criteria for the market segment that the operation wishes to serve. Platts and Gregory 1990, use an approach that audits the products or groups of products that the organisation offers to its markets. The aim is to identify any gaps between market requirements for particular products and services and the performance of the organisation’s operations in delivering those products and services. First the market requirements for the product or service are analysed in terms of various competitive factors (such as cost, quality, reliability). The performance of the organization’s operations against those factors are then assessed. An operations strategy should be developed which will enable operations to match the level of performance required by customers in each of the competitive criteria. Operations-led The operations-led perspective is one in which its excellence in operations is used to drive the organisation’s strategy. This is in line with the Hayes and Wheelwright stage 4 organisation and fits with the resource-based view (RBV) of strategy that currently dominates the strategic management literature. The premise of the RBV is that superior performance comes from the way that an organization acquires, develops and deploys its resources and builds its capabilities rather than the way it positions itself in the market place (Barney, 1991; Wernerfelt, 1984). Thus, the process of strategy development should be based on a sound understanding of current operational capabilities and an analysis of how these could be developed in  the future. This can then provide the basis for decisions about which markets are likely to be the best in which to deploy current and future capabilities, which competitors are likely to be most vulnerable and how attacks from competitors might best be countered (Hayes et al., 2005). Mills et al. (2002) have developed methods through which organizations can apply these ideas in practice. This involves undertaking an analysis of the resources that have underpinned the activities of a business unit over an extended period of time (at least the previous three to five years). Six resource categories, which are not mutually exclusive, are used: tangible resources, knowledge resources skills and experience, systems and procedural resources, cultural resources and values, network resources and resources important for change. The resources are evaluated against three criteria: value, sustainability and versatility. Resources that individually or collectively score highly in these criteria are considered to be important resources. They are sources of existing or potential competitive advantage to the organization. OPERATIONS STRATEGY: CONTENT What then are the key decision areas of operations management that need to be considered when an organization is developing an operations strategy? Although there are a number of classifications in use, operations management scholars generally agree (e.g. Leong et al., 1990) that the major strategic decision areas in operations can be conveniently divided into ten categories under two broad headings: structure (the physical attributes of operations; the hardware) and infrastructure (the people and systems of operations; the software). The structural decision areas comprise: Facilities: the location, size and focus of operational resources. These decisions are concerned with where to locate production facilities, how large each facility should be, what goods or services should be produced at each location, what markets each facility should serve, etc. Capacity: the capacity of operations and their ability to respond to changes in customer demand. These decisions are concerned with the use of facilities, for example through shift patterns, working hours and staffing levels. Decisions about capacity will affect the organisation’s ability to serve particular markets from a given location.  Process technology: the technology of the equipment used in operations processes. For example, the degree of automation used, the configuration of equipment, and so on. Supply network: the extent to which operations are conducted in-house or are outsourced. Decisions about vertical integration are also concerned with the choice of suppliers, their location, the extent of dependence on particular suppliers, and how relationships with suppliers are managed. Structural decisions often involve major capital investment decisions, which once made will set the direction of operations for many years to come. They invariably impact the resources and capabilities of an organisation, determining its potential future output. It may be prohibitively expensive to change such decisions once implemented, and hence these must be considered to be truly strategic decisions for the organisation. It may be much easier to change the organisation’s marketing strategy (e.g. its target markets, or its promotional activities) than it is to change its operations strategy with respect to the structural decision areas. Infrastructure decision areas comprise: * Planning /Control: the systems used for planning and controlling operations. * Quality: the use of quality management policies and practices. * Work Organisation: Business structures, responsibilities and accountabilities in operations. * Human Resources: recruitment and selection, training and development, management style. * New Product Development: the systems and procedures used to develop and design new products and services. * Performance Measurement: financial and non-financial performance management and its linkage to recognition and reward systems. These issues are important to every organisation as this involves the use made up of the operating hardware as discussed above. It is possible to change aspects of operations infrastructure more quickly and easily than the case for operations structure. Nonetheless the difficulty of doing so should not be underestimated or neither should the impact of making inappropriate infrastructural decisions parallel. Conclusion Organisational strategy is concerned with the actions a company takes in order to survive and prosper within the environment it operates over the long-term. Strategy can exist at three levels in an organisation: which are; corporate, business and functional. Any organisation’s operations strategy includes the totality of the actions and decisions taken within the operations function. The decisions or actions taken have a direct impact on the organisation’s business and corporate strategy. An organisation’s operations can be a source of competitive advantage if they are managed strategically in pursuit of a clear goal for operations. These are five possible operations objectives; cost, quality, speed, dependability and flexibility. It is unlikely that any operation can excel at all of these simultaneously, so competitive priorities must be determined on which to base the operations strategy. The process of operations strategy concerns the way in which an organisation develops its operations strategy. This might be top-down (i.e. formed in pursuit of its business and corporate strategy), bottom-up (i.e. formed from the actions and decisions taken with operations), market-led (i.e. formed in response to market requirements) or operations-led (based on the resources and capabilities within its operations). The content of operation strategy consists of the key decision areas concerned with the structure (i.e. the physical attributes of facilities, capacity, process technology and supply network) and infrastructure (i.e. planning and control, quality, organisation, human resources, new product development and performance measurement). Through a value chain, operations strategy would be placed in line with the company supply chain strategies and perspectives where business process are involved. This concerns the pattern of strategic decisions and actions which set the role, objectives and activities of operations. (Slack et al., 2004). References Johnson, g and Scoles, k Exploring corporate strategy, 6th Edition. England: Prentice Hall Ltd Miller, R Jentz, G (2009) Fundamentals of Business , 2nd Edition. England: Cengage Learning Soulsby, S Marsh, J (2002) Business , 8th Edition. London: Nelson Thornes Ltd Rush, J Ottley, M (2006) Business for students. London: Thomson Learning www.wikipedia.org Accessed: 15.20pm: 24.1.12

Understanding The Ethical Organization Management Models Commerce Essay

Understanding The Ethical Organization Management Models Commerce Essay This report mainly focuses on developing an ethical approach to manage organizations. This essay critically identifies and evaluate about ethics and how ethics helps an organization to take good decisions. This report is prepared by referring to various journals, management books, websites and relevant current articles. Ethics is very important for an organization. This essay will give an idea about what is ethics? And what is unethical? Ethics helps to identify an organization by differentiating from each other. This report mainly relies on discussing about theories, models and paradigms and more concentrating on radical humanist paradigm. The purpose of this assignment is to provide base for understanding ethical decision making in an organization and providing one real world example managing organization ethically and three real world examples for the organizations disaster by managing the organization unethically. In this report we critically analysis on business ethical decision making by an individual or group of working people in the organization. Our report focus on individual moral, honesty, frankness and fairness while taking business decision in an organization. Our approach would be by understanding the organizational values and working people ethical training program is necessary for preventing them from engraining any unethical conduct. Ethics Ethics in an organization means the business conduct of that organization to run the business more effectively and efficiently. In an organization people are working together with different values and motives. Managing the business ethics of an organization more effectively needs to setup common norms and standard and also it need to be communicated and enforced among the working people. Ethical principle provides the base for modern business concept in an organization. The leadership of the organization and the ethical decision-making are the basic for an ethical organization. Ethical values and principles of an organization guide the working people and corporate from the common business motive of profit and shareholders enhancement. The modern ethical organization follows corporate social responsibility, fair trade, sustainability, globalization taking into consideration ifs negative effects. Ethical organization management model The modern ethical management of an organization in the 21st century illustrate by four Ps as explain as follows for the success for any modern business ventures. (Refer appendix 3) Traditionally the organization main aim is to make profit and methods for achieving it. The modern organization performance, activities and standards are exposed globally and the lenders of the organization are accountable globally. Purpose of the organization Purpose of the organization is to making fair profit for the shareholders and in case of public service delivery of cost effective service. Personality of a good ethical organization has to consider people needs and mindset with proper consideration given to the world it operates. People to whom the organization operate People comprise the organization staffs, customers, suppliers, local communities, stakeholders who has interest in the organization. Planet where the organization operate Organization should give due consideration for environment, neural recourses, fair-trade and sustainability. Principles of the organization Principle of the organization comprises honesty, truth, and integrity. Principles of the organization has to be matched with other conflicting aims in between purpose of the organization, people to whom it operates and the planet where the organization operate in order to have sustainable organization success. Need to manage the organization ethically In the modern environment organization ethics should be actively manage and it is necessary to understand the main ethical value through an organization ethic program. There are five components in organization management ethic program. Commitment -Leaders and senior management should have commitment to the program. Assessment -There should be active assessment of organization ethical value and effectiveness. Codify -Develop a code of ethics and communicate with each other, Formalize -Formulate ethical structures and systems, ethics training and ethics communication Integrate -Build an ethical culture and conduct in the organization. Need to develop ethical leadership in an organization In the modern world ethics and values are in front of executives, managers and leaders who spend much of their time for developing organizational culture. The leadership of the organization should take responsibility and carryout the business in accordance to the management ethics program. The ethical leadership should take steps the senior management and executives including board of directors to follow and respect organization values. Carryout organization ethics program to achieve ethic program goals. Appointing senior person to coordinate the program and determine the ethics function which needs initiative. Unethical policies, activities and behaviors in an organization The following organization activities are not necessarily unlawful which are commonly considered as unethical. Dishonesty, manipulating the facts and hiding information. Manipulating and misleading advertisement, positioning and communications Exploiting peoples feeling. Fooling and taking advantage of people weakness Greed and making excessive profit Anything harming or endangering people Breaking trust of the organization Not accepting the blame and paying lot of amounts for the wrong doing Preventing to notify people any significant changes Lack of transparency Harming environment or earth Preventable waste or excessive consumption Raiding anyones privacy Misusing authority, power and reputation. More preference giving in appointing family members Preferential treatment or decision-making based on secret motive or deals Unfriendliness association with people or group of people Conflict of interest, disloyalty of trust and breach of confidentiality information Neglecting the duty of care of an organization Fail to prevent wrong report within his authority Unfairness and unkindness Marketing ethic issues and stakeholders The organization activities are affected directly or indirectly by the internal and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are includes board of directors, managers, employees, and other functional departments. External stakeholders include consumers, other interest groups, competitors, advertising agencies and regulatory bodies. (Miller and Lewis, 1991). Stakeholders ethical values are subject to various business issues such as sales practices, consumers privileges, environmental and product safety, disclosure of information about the products. (Maignan and Ferrell 2004) Various stakeholders are possibly exercise pressure on organization to achieve their individual ethical values and norms.(Annexure 1) Hence the organization values and norms are affected by specially by primary stakeholders since they are in good position to influence the organization ethical values. Paradigm. In the modern business environment strategy-setting in the business organization is vital for its survival. The organization should consider crucial roll in the organization by setting ethical strategy. The organization has to take into note whether the organization is doing the right thing. In order implement ethical strategy for an organization we should bring different paradigm into the risk debate. Functionalist paradigm This paradigm has been the primary one for organizational studies. This approach is mainly rely on human affairs and believes by hypothesis testing. It deeply rooted in sociological factors. Through Functionalist paradigm can understand and measure via science. It is influence by idealist and Marxist and assumes there are external rules and regulations to secure the external world. (Ardalan, 2003,p.202) This functionalist paradigm basically explain about classical management theory, sysytem theory and contigency theory.it makes assumption how organisation is always in control mange people in a proper way.(morgan,2006:morgan,1980) Radical Humanism a crucial approach for a ethical organization This approach has been emerged from the radical humanist paradigm (Morgan 1995,Burrell 2000) This approach argues dehumanization of the employee and the workplace. Individuals generally seen as machines and work as a technical process (Robbins and Barnwell 2006 pp 21-22) In the humanist approach that focus on placing human first rather than the organization. The basic assumptions of this paradigm are according to Morgan (1995), †¢ Ideological traps: Tunnel vision is based on our previous experience becoming the blueprint for interpreting our current experience (we often let myths and our past experience becomes our reality). We are unable to interpret reality without prejudice. †¢ Power dimension: The right to define reality or the right of some to have power over others overt use of power. Power is also used in a subtle or covert way (soft domination) and its use and abuse is often unquestioned. Eg. How is power distributed in organisations? We discuss empowerment and participation but we rarely see this happening in organisations. †¢ Ethical dimension: Organisations need to act in an ethical manner. How do the actions of managers and organisations impact on employees and society? †¢ People first Work is the problem Organizational ethical decision making In organization marketing ethical activities we should understand how people make ethical decisions. (Refer appendix 3) explains how the ethical decisions are taken in the normal organizational environment. The outcome of the decisions is evaluated by the internal and external stakeholders. The roll of the individual and values has the great impact on any business decision making. Determining ethical decision is the primary factor in an organization (Ferrell 2005) Ethical decision making Ryanair The current CEO Mr.Michael OLeary took the ethical business decision to operate the Ryanair airline as budget airline business model in the European market. It was very success taking such decision in the past and now most successful airline in the European market and most of the airline travelers prefer to travel by Ryanair. The following are the benefit by taking such decision Low cost-low frills concept 94% of the booking through Internet reduced operating cost All Boeing 737-800 aircraft reduce training and maintenance cost Environmentally friendly Boeing 737-800 aircraft Customer satisfaction Low cost and high service performance Unethical decision making Enron, Daewoo, Toyota Many cooperate failures over the past decade are due to fraud and financial manipulation. Enron: The Enron disaster is exhalent example for organizational unethical decision making. On May 25, 2006 US Huston jury found guilty the Enron CEO Mr Ken Lay and Mr Jeff Skilling for hiding financial status of the organization in 2000 and 2001 The group executives manipulate their earnings by illegal inside trading went on to liquidation. Due to the organization failure many investors lost their money and many employees lost their job. The group failed due to unethical and illegal business decision. Daewoo: Kim Woo Choong founder of Daewoo Group found guilty and convicted 10 years in prison and forfeited US $ 22 billion. after the business failure in South Korea. The group has grown with debt-funded acquisitions. The Asian financial crisis exposed the group weakness and the total group went into bankruptcy in 1999. The following are some of the points for the failure of the organization by operating unethically. Dishonesty and manipulating the facts and hiding information. Manipulating and misleading the investors Breaking the trust of the organization Lack of transparency Misusing the authority and power Neglecting duty of care of the organization Unfairness towards investors and employees Fail to prevent wrong report within his authority The ethical problem to operate the business organization is not only due to financial misinterpretation and manipulation. Toyotas recent troubles have been an example of a companys failure to understand the ethics of the customer relationship. Turning a blind eye to ethical consideration can undermine the wider economy and in time, cause irreparable damage. Toyota: The organization recall millions of vetches sold to customers with suspected defects as on the specific engineering problem on the breaking systems. The following are the some of the examples that the organizations ethical responsibility failure. Breaking the trust of the organization Neglecting duty of care of the organization Anything harming or endangering customers Unfairness towards customers and investors . Conclusion In modern organization ethics play a major role in taking effective decision making. Because for the success of an organization mainly rely on ethics. This report mainly focuses on theories, models and paradigms which helped to a proper decision in an organization. In this report I explained about functionalist paradigm and radical humanist paradigm. Functionalist focus only on organizational behavior through hypothesis testing but radical humanist paradigm explained about the current approach of an organization and their impact on society. According to paradigms which are not an easy task it heavily teaches about ethics to the people. In this report I explained about ethical approach and how it controls in making an effective decision making in an organization and describing about what are the unethical approaches which rely on taking ineffective decision making. At last, to conclude my report, I would say organizations have started to focus on ethics. However, they did not lose the focus on organizational structure. Also there are many differences between paradigms in managing ethics.