charant Sophocles Antigone Essays: The Character of Antigone :: Antigone essays

Antigone In the story of Antigone, two very headstrong peoples beliefs are matched up against each other. Creon, the king, made it law that no traitor to the Kingdom shall receive a proper burial, instead they volition be left laying on the ground to rot and to be eaten by the animals. This was the case of Antigones brother, Polyneices. Antigones love for her brother was so great that she went against the law, even though she knew Creons punishment for breaking the law was cosmos stoning, which ultimately resulted in death. Creon, who had an equal amount of determination, refused to back down from his law for his own reasons even after Antigone ignored it. He could non submit himself to the will of a woman. At that time, women were looked at as being in the same class as slaves. If he did, it would have showed weakness in him and the people would have overthrown him for letting a woman have that effect on him. So instead of the public stoning, Creon sentenced Antigone to die in a cave where she could starve to death. sooner of dying a slow miserable death, she committed suicide by hanging herself. As it turns out, this educate off a string of events for the king that he could have never saw coming. The first of the tragic events that would unfold was the death of his son. Haemon was Creon and Eurydices son and was next in line to the throne with Antigone as his wife. Creons son was set to be married to Antigone, but after Creon sentenced her to death, Haemon turned on his father. He was outraged that Creon had taken away his future wife, in which he was very oft in love with. He was so outraged, that he would even break the unique and special bond between father and son. Haemon felt incomplete without Antigone and could not stand being apart from her. He found away to solve his problem and get revenge on his father at the same time. He had taken his own life and at the same time killed the future of the familys place in the throne. Creon was crushed at what his son did, especially hearing it from person else. After hearing of Haemons death, Eurydice was completely devastated and felt somewhat violated. She felt Creon was responsible for the death of not only Haemon, but for Megareus who was killed some years before.

Transgenic Pigs for Organ Transplants :: Research Papers Essays

Transgenic Pigs for electric reed organ Transplants The rising shortage of donor variety meat has led scientists to genetically engineer animals that will maturate organs suitable for transplant into humans. Pigs are well meet to the procedure because their organs are similar in size to a humans, and they breed prolifically. sympathetic genes are inserted into the pigs DNA. The method most often apply is microinjecting the genes directly into the nuclei of the fertilized eggs. The gene contains itself into the animals genetic code at a single site, though multiple integrations are known to occur. If the gene fails to integrate before the later stages of cell cleavage in the embryos development, some cells will not carry the transgene. This is known as mosaicism. The genes being inserted produce human decay accelerating factor (hDAF). This protein is found in human organs, and it prevents the bodys immune organisation from attacking the organ. Previous xenotransplants or organ gratuity among incompatible species resulted in what is termed hyperacute rejection. The rejection of the organ occurred within minutes, which is too fast to be prevented by the immune appetite suppressant drugs used in human to human organ transplants. Pigs that undergo the genetic engineering procedure are known as founders, and are bred to produce much transgenic pigs. The resulting litters have to be homozygous for the transgene to produce the spirited levels of hDAF required for transplantable organs. Lines can be produced from homozygous founders, or by crossing heterozygous founders from different lines to produce jigsaw pigs. All pigs are tried to verify that they are homozygous for the transgene using florescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Transplants of transgenic pig organs into order Primates such as monkeys and baboons have shown success. Further scrutiny will have to be conducted before xenotransplants are approved for humans, however. Researchers are worried that porcine endogenetic retroviruses (PERVs) may be transmitted to humans by the transplants. Pig DNA contains sections with virus-like qualities, and it has been proven these retroviruses can infect human cells.Transgenic Pigs for Organ Transplants Research Papers EssaysTransgenic Pigs for Organ Transplants The rising shortage of donor organs has led scientists to genetically engineer animals that will produce organs suitable for transplant into humans. Pigs are well suited to the procedure because their organs are similar in size to a humans, and they breed prolifically. Human genes are inserted into the pigs DNA. The method most often used is microinjecting the genes directly into the nuclei of the fertilized eggs. The gene integrates itself into the animals genetic code at a single site, though multiple integrations are known to occur. If the gene fails to integrate before the later stages of cell cleavage in the embryos development, some cells will not car ry the transgene. This is known as mosaicism. The genes being inserted produce human decay accelerating factor (hDAF). This protein is found in human organs, and it prevents the bodys immune system from attacking the organ. Previous xenotransplants or organ donation among different species resulted in what is termed hyperacute rejection. The rejection of the organ occurred within minutes, which is too fast to be prevented by the immune suppressant drugs used in human to human organ transplants. Pigs that undergo the genetic engineering procedure are known as founders, and are bred to produce more transgenic pigs. The resulting litters have to be homozygous for the transgene to produce the high levels of hDAF required for transplantable organs. Lines can be produced from homozygous founders, or by crossing heterozygous founders from different lines to produce jigsaw pigs. All pigs are tested to verify that they are homozygous for the transgene using florescence in situ hybridiz ation (FISH). Transplants of transgenic pig organs into primates such as monkeys and baboons have shown success. Further testing will have to be conducted before xenotransplants are approved for humans, however. Researchers are worried that porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) may be transmitted to humans by the transplants. Pig DNA contains sections with virus-like qualities, and it has been proven these retroviruses can infect human cells.

The Diverse Roles of Women in Movies Essay -- Film Essays

The Diverse Roles of Women in MoviesIn society we have a lot of women actresses. Some tend to play the motherly type, whatsoever play the manipulator type and some purge play the victims of abusive relationships. No matter what women seem to be coming up in the labor of movies in more ways than before. The three movies I have chosen to analyze in my critique are Heartbreakers, Baby Boy and Stepmom. These three movies all have women in them that either play a major role or the main role. All their roles are very different in use and none of the women in these three movies play a similar role.In the movie Heartbreakers the two main women are Jennifer cut Hewitt (the daughter) and Sigourney Weaver (the mother). These two women act as manipulators or conartists the whole time. The whole point of the movie is for them to make different men (of age and class) to believe that they (as attractive as they are) actually revel them for who they are. Through break the movie they s cam all different types of men to basically get them for their money. At one point in time Sigourney Weaver even marries a man who is madly in love with her just for his money and then she divorces him shortly after. The story continues as they use and abuse these men. Then Jennifer Love Hewitt starts to actually like one of the guys she is suppose to be scamming and her mother gives him a test to see if he actually likes her back. She tries to seduce him and she even gives him some divide of intoxicant to make him more susceptible to her. He ends up kissing her mom because he is under the influence and Jennifer sees the whole scene. She later on finds come forth that her mom was trying to make it seem like this was not the right one for her, but in a... ...s ex-husband. She is such a wonderful gentlewoman and the interview feels for her when watching this movie because she faces so many problems with her new step-children. Almost throughout the whole movie they are very cruel to her and sometimes even their proclaim father. The kids cannot grasp the whole divorce situation and they have a lot of anger towards their parents for breaking up their happy home. Most of the anger is taken out on Julia Roberts because the kids see her as the other woman in their Dads life. They lastly come to realize she is a very sweet lady and all she wants to do is to get along with them. They accept her as a part of their family and they live happily ever after. Moral of the story With a teensy-weensy love and understanding any relationship whether between a man and a woman or between a woman and children can eventually work out for the best.

Essay --

Growing up in an affluent New Jersey neighborhood, Peter Balakians house can tell us a administer about his up bringing. Tenafly, New Jersey seems to be a common topic in Balakians memoir Black Dog of Fate. Not except must we study the house, but also the relationships that atomic number 18 formed within Balakians household. His extended family is made up of physicians, merchants, and well-known literary authors. Arguably the biggest bearing in Peters life was his Grandmother, along with his Mother and Father.One of Peters most vivid memories is of his Grandmother. He starts off his memoir with a lengthy description of her and her apartment, as if she were ease alive when he wrote it. He describes her apartment as mysterious and exotic after the suburban houses of Teaneck (6). He seems to learn her apartment as old fashioned (it was a 1940s kitchen with long white cabinets, a white enamel sink, red-speckled linoleum cracking at the seams, and a coiled buzzing fluorescent l ight on the ceiling (7)) and different then the houses he is used to in suburbia. Her apartment seems to be laced with Armenian culture compared to his Americanized fellowship back in Teaneck. A tradition or at least custom that seems important to Peter and his life at home is his love for and following of the Yankees. The Yankees were a type of family bonding for Peter, and he even followed them with his Grandmother. My grandmother and I followed the Yankees together, and by the time I was ten it had become an on-going conversation between us. Box scores, averages, pitching rotations, prenogis for the World Series because there was almost never a series without the Yankees (12). The Yankees were a symbol of American arrogance for Peter, they were more than a team... ...e. On either side of our new development were grand nineteenth-century houses and manors set back behind high hedges. Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century stone Dutch houses still spotted the town and some q uite fabulous nineteenth-century estates surrounded our new street (50). This description of Balkianss house, as he remembers it, might tell him that his family is decent more accustomed to the American culture, yet still keeping with their Armenian roots. The move from Teaneck to Tenafly just shows that his family is living the American Dream by finding a city that fits them best and a house that is custom built to their liking. All of a sudden Peter is living in a community where families are larger and dinner is just a race to get done with. It seems as though the move to Tenafly is an immersion into the American lifestyle, even more than Teaneck.

William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

William Shakespeares HamletHamlet is a play about intrigue, suspicion, treachery, and revenge. Its characters, the vast majority of whom are experienced members of the court, move through this man with varying degrees of ease, besides all are accustomed to the forces at work. Hamlets reluctance to act out the revenge he knows is his duty does back up the modern-day audience relate to him, perhaps, but at the end of the day he is still a part of this foreign culture, driven by customs and expectations very different from those that govern the life of his audience. There is one character in the play, though, who seems just as bewildered by the startling events swirling around her as the audience is. Ophelias main importance in the play is to act as a sort of emotional representative for the audience. We first meet Ophelia in Act I, scene iii, as preparations are being made for her brothers departure. Laertes brings up Ophelias relationship with Hamlet and cautions her not to take the princes advances at face value. Laertes explains that as Prince of Denmark, Hamlet is not entirely free to declare his love for anyone without considering the potential effect on the country. Their father takes up the tease later in the scene, citing Hamlets youth and gender as reasons why he should not be trusted. Poor Ophelia is rather dismayed at this, and even goes so far as to protest that He hath importund me with love in honorable fashion. (I.iii.99-100) Both of these warnings come as somethingof a perplexity to Ophelia and to the audience, and for the first time Ophelia has fulfilled her role as unwitting expositor. Through her own ignorance and naivete, Ophelia has allowed other characters to explain things to the a... ...derstanding. Ophelia feels her behavior through the play, and the audience is quite subject of doing the same. This emotion-based view of the action is a deeper connection to the characters than one would obtain by trying to keep trac k of Hamlets brooding and ranting or Claudius and Poloniuss reasoned plans. Ophelia gives the play its emotional payoff, and by the time she exits the play, the audience is already emotionally attached on her behalf. Thats not to say that kind-heartedness for Ophelia makes the audience side with Laertesafter all, Ophelia loved Hamlet, even if he did lead to her insanity. Rather, Ophelia manages to ensure that the audience has connected emotionally to the play in a way that no other character does, so that when we lose Ophelia enough of a relationship to the play has been established that the audience cant help but care about the outcome.

William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

William Shakespeares HamletHamlet is a play more or less intrigue, suspicion, treachery, and revenge. Its characters, the vast majority of whom are experienced members of the court, move through this world with varying degrees of ease, merely all are accustomed to the forces at work. Hamlets reluctance to act out the revenge he knows is his duty does help the modern-day auditory sense relate to him, perhaps, but at the end of the day he is still a part of this foreign culture, driven by customs and expectations very distinguishable from those that govern the life of his audience. There is one character in the play, though, who seems just as bewildered by the startling events swirling around her as the audience is. Ophelias main importance in the play is to act as a sort of emotional representative for the audience. We first meet Ophelia in Act I, sight iii, as preparations are being made for her brformer(a)s departure. Laertes brings up Ophelias relationship with Hamlet and cautions her not to take the princes advances at fountain value. Laertes explains that as Prince of Denmark, Hamlet is not entirely free to declare his love for anyone without con statusring the potential effect on the country. Their father takes up the lecture later in the scene, citing Hamlets youth and gender as reasons why he should not be trusted. Poor Ophelia is rather dismayed at this, and even goes so far as to protest that He hath importund me with love in honorable fashion. (I.iii.99-100) Both of these warnings come as somethingof a surprise to Ophelia and to the audience, and for the first time Ophelia has fulfilled her role as unwitting expositor. Through her own ignorance and naivete, Ophelia has allowed other characters to explain things to the a... ...derstanding. Ophelia feels her way through the play, and the audience is quite capable of doing the same. This emotion-based view of the process is a deeper connection to the characters than one would obtai n by trying to keep track of Hamlets brooding and ranting or Claudius and Poloniuss reason plans. Ophelia gives the play its emotional payoff, and by the time she exits the play, the audience is already emotionally attached on her behalf. Thats not to say that sympathy for Ophelia makes the audience side with Laertesafter all, Ophelia loved Hamlet, even if he did lead to her insanity. Rather, Ophelia manages to ensure that the audience has connected emotionally to the play in a way that no other character does, so that when we lose Ophelia enough of a relationship to the play has been established that the audience cant help but care about the outcome.

Damien Cave Summary

COMM200-U406/02/13 Nicole Prince The article On Sale at gray-headed Navy Cool Clothes for Identical Zombies written by Damien weaken explains how as a society we are swayed by the flash of big corporations and in turn are loosing what real culture we have left. Damien Cave starts the article off with a scenario showing a man named Thomas Frank. As Frank walks by a heavily decorated Old Navy he shows his disgust saying Oh God, this is disgusting. Thomas Frank is a pioneering neighborly critic, writing articles on how businesses adopted cool anti-corporate culture.As the article progresses we find that these businesses offer nothing more than poor quality merchandise at a low price, and the consumer is lured in by the promise of quality for less. Stores such as Old Navy and Ikea use market tricks to keep its customer coming bum for more. Ikea sets its store up like a maze where the exit is placed only at the registers, the room models persuade the consumer they need everything t hey see. Old Navy hands out extra large shopping bags as a gesture of good customer service but can influence over oversteping.Damien Cave brings these issues up so that we the reader are aware of such trickery used by certain chain businesses. Society is so accustomed to these marketing schemes we dont realize we are replicating each others homes but in different variations we can all buy the same sofa and not notice. We are lead to turn over that we can find happiness in our belongings but that is far from the truth. This merchandise is poor in quality and can cause us to spend more in the end on replacements and repairs. These companies are scamming the general public into believing they are getting a deal and in return we are getting cookie cutter home decor.

Interpersonal relationship Essay

Interpersonal CommunicationSeptember 15, 2013Interpersonal communication reflection When get at Met whirl When Harry first meets epigram, they look genuinely different. From the very beginning scene, they argue as they have different perspectives on the opposite-sex friendships. Nonetheless, they eventually become inviolable friends after they self-disclose their intimate information to each other. However, after their unexpected sex, their relationship becomes awkward. In the end, Harry finally finds out that he loves chap and reveals his feelings. Over the scarper of their relationship in the movie When Harry Met Sally, Knapps stages of interpersonal communication develop and change. Knapp defines the stage of initiation as conversation openers. Harry and Sally ascertain each other in an unpleasant way. Sally finds him kissing his girlfriend. Obviously, they be not interested in each other at first as Harry has a girlfriend and Sally is a good friend of her. As a result, they do not really greet in the car. Sally tells Harry that they are just carpool partners. While driving to New York City, they discuss about opposite-sex friendship. This scene falls into the experimenting stage. From this scene, Harry and Sally get to know breach of each others different characteristic. Harry thinks that it is impossible to establish a true opposite-sex friendship because sex part always gets in the way. Sally argues him that she does not have sexual interest to her male friends. One of Knapps four purposes of experimenting stage is that it can be an audition for a future friendship or a way of increasing the scope of a current relationship. Harry and Sallys relationship does not develop further because they do not find each other attractive in the experimenting stageAfter five years, they meet in the airport and take same plane. At this time, Harry is going to get married and Sally is in a relationship. When Harry asked Sally, she refuses to have dinner with hi m. Another five years later, they meet in the book store. Both of them are not in the relationship anymore. As they share the news, their relationship starts in the experimenting stage again. At this time, they are really acquire closer andtheir relationship proceeds further. Self-disclosure plays a major role in the development of their relationship. When they met at the airport, Sally did not want to talk to him. However, when they met in the bookstore, they expose their intimate information, Sallys breakup with her boyfriend and Harrys separation, to each other. They could understand each other as they shared their feelings and wounded hearts. From this accuse of view, Self-disclosure really helped their relationship to develop further. However, their relationship jumps around to avoiding stage because they misunderstand their feelings toward each other. At New Years Eve party, Harry dances with Sally.Until this point, they are really good friends to each other. Eventually, t hey find out themselves in a relationship mood. However, being a good friend to each other makes them indecisive as they do not want to lose each other. Later the movie, Sally asks Harry to come over her house because her previous boyfriend is getting married. They suddenly have unexpected sex and they feel uncomfortable. Sally does not want to spend time with him anymore as sex part really gets in the way and it is large(p) for them to be friends again. Sally keeps trying to avoid him afterward. Finally, their relationship develops to the bonding stage. Harry goes through difficult times as Sally tries to avoid him. During this hardship, Harry realizes that he loves her. He reveals his feelings at the New Years Eve party, and Sally accepts him. Their relationship becomes official as they get married. Overall, it was hard for me to exactly identify the Knapps stages of interpersonal communication from Harry and Sallys relationship throughout the movie. Since their relationship doe s not develop in a typical manner, going back and forth, it also does not follow the Knapps stages of interpersonal communication. Nonetheless, I really think that the film is very well do because it clearly shows how man and woman have different perspectives. After watching this movie, I personally think that being honest is the answer for any relationship.

Online reservation of Eden spring resort Essay

RATIONALE OF THE trainThe web has become an opportunity for the marketers to add value to products and services. The phenomenal growth and rising of the popularity of the net profit and the World Wide Web has become a key to attract more(prenominal) consumers and fe ars to engage the benefits of Electronic Commerce (E-commerce). This E-commerce is sited as any form of vocation transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather than by physical ex diversitys or direct physical contact (Aldin, Brehmer & Johansson, 2004). This has transformed the tralatitious commerce and intensify sales and exchanges of merchandise and selective information. It is not still considered as single entity of technology but a combination of technologies where applications, processes, business strategies are necessary to do business electronically.The availability of goods and services with the click of a mo put on is changing the global setting. It is critical for companies to know how do they attract clients to their website, engage them to turn into paying customers and in any case retain them in returning to your website. Online confabulations techniques utilize to achieve goals of brand awareness, familiarity and favorability and to influence purchase intent by encouraging exploiters of digital media to visit a web site to engage with the brand or product and ultimately to purchase online or offline through traditional media channels such as by phone or in-store (Chaffey, 2009). In the Philippines, e-commerce is mostly being implemented by major retailers and multinational corporations for bank-to-bank exchange.A number of Business-to-consumer proceedings have emerged through the great time such as auctions, online shopping, and online banking (Lacson, Pasadilla, 2006). This just shows that Filipino businesses welcome this new opportunity in selling goods since 16% of the population is using Internet. This new marketing scheme pass on not only benefit those big companies but to a fault the small businesses who gutternot afford to advertise their products. Just by creating a website in a very afford qualified cost would make the business grow in terms of sales and enhance the company image as well.As pass is fast approaching, everyone wants to relax and spend quality time with their family and have fun at the same time. One of these relaxation sessions that will come in look is outing, nature-tripping and swimming.Eden kick back Resort was planned to be for private use only. Family gatherings, special occasion and some invited family friends. But as the time passed, they develop it and do it a business, a Resort, and as this resort started, many people may it be local or foreign appreciated the beauty of the resort. The nature, the view, the fresh air, the halcyon and quite environment enticed them so much that they want to come back and bring significant people from them to enjoy the same experience that they had.When the ir business started, we appoint out that the personnel of the Eden Spring Resort theyve been using a manual reservation every time they have customers. we notice that the customers of the resort are having a hard time on how to reserved the resort like birthday parties, weddings, family reunion and different kinds of occasions. So our proposal is active the web based reservation of Eden Spring Resort. Through this inquiry, we may be able to help the resort in the enhancement of their business in order for them to have many costumers and also they will have an organized file of the different transactions.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThrough this research project, we may be able to help the resort in their business and also to provide a hassle-free reservation for their customers. The aspects that are related to this research are the organized filing of reservations made by the customers, the level of the administrators figurer literacy, assisting the caution of the resort to be able t o attain a smooth and governing bodyatic operation and procedures, to provide a dependable and accessible reservation system that will ensure their clients a quality service, the availability of management staff with related training and knowledge in modern information technology that will periodically update and improve service provider capability to sustain a quality and dependable net profit connection. This take aim seeks to answer the following1. What are the possible transactions of the Eden Spring Resort that can be improved using the online reservation?2. What are the needed information expectments of Eden Spring Resort in terms of2.1. Checking-In and out ofguests to rooms2.2. Reservation of different kinds of occasion (Birthdays, Weddings, Anniversary etc.).3. What are the credence level of the developed online reservation of Eden Spring Resort in terms of3.1. Perceive of usefulness and3.2. Perceive of ease of use?SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDYNowadays, computer plays an imp ortant role in our life, most especially to the people that are having their business. There are the people who will benefit on our research tuition Owner. They will have an organized file with a complete data that they will be needed in the reservations. Employees. Their work will be much easier and faster.Present Researchers. This cartoon will help them develop and improve their knowledge that they have learned and skills that they experience. This will also served as one of their requirements in passing this level. Future Researchers. This will serve as their special reference for their research.SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDYThis study focuses on the online reservation of the Eden Spring Resort. The researchers will interview the proprietor and the employees, and also we will give some questionnaires so that we can gather informations that we will need. This study will be conducted in the Eden Spring Resort, located at Sitio Tab-ang, Barangay Pagatban, Bayawan City, Negros Oriental Philippines and this study is limited only for the year 20142015. The respondent of this study are the proprietor and the employees of the said resort.DEFINITION OF TERMSElectronic Commerce (E-commerce) commonly known as E-commerce or eCommerce, is trading in products or services using computer networks, such as the Internet. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is an electronic communicationsystem that provides standards for exchanging data via any electronic implys.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDYThe hypothetic framework of this study will be anchored on the Rapid application development (RAD) of James Martin (1991). Rapid application development (RAD) is a response to processes developed in the 1970s and 1980s, such as the Structured trunks Analysis and Design Method and former(a) Waterfall models. One of the problems with these methodologies is that they were based on a traditional engineering model used to designing and build things like bridges and buildings. So ftware is an inherently different kind of artifact. Software can radically change the entire process used to solve a problem. As a result knowledge gained from the development process itself can feed back to the requirements and design of the solution. The waterfall solution to this was to try and rigidly define the requirements and the plan to implement them and have a process that discouraged changes to either.The new RAD approaches on the other hand recognized that software development was a knowledge intensive process and sought to develop flexible processes that could take advantage of knowledge gained oer the life of the project and use that knowledge to reinvent the solution. (Martin, 1991) As Shown in figure 1 there are four phases in RAD, they are Requirements intend Phase, user design phase, construction and cutover. Requirements planning phase combines elements of the system planning and systems analysis phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Users, manage rs, and IT staff members discuss and agree on business needs, project backcloth, constraints, and system requirements. It ends when the team agrees on the key issues and obtains management authorization to continue.During the User design phase, users interact with systems analysts and develop models and prototypes that represent all system processes, inputs, and outputs. User Design is a continuous interactive process that allows users to understand, modify, and eventually approve a working model of the system that meets their needs. The third gear phase is wind phase which focuses on program and application development task. In RAD, however, users continue to participate and can still suggest changes or improvements as actual screens or reports are developed. Its tasks are programming and application development, coding, unit-integration and system testing.The last phase is cutover phase. Thisphase resembles the closing tasks in the SDLC implementation phase, including data con version, testing, changeover to the new system, and user training. Compared with traditional methods, the entire process is compressed. As a result, the new system is built, delivered, and placed in operation much sooner. This approach will help us in developing our system that will help the Eden Spring Resort in their online reservations.FIGURE 1 Theoretical Framework of the exactconceptual FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDYInstead of using manual system that can cause a huge compilation of data using file cabinet of which is time consuming for the personnel in searching and retrieving a certain file. The researchers therefore suggest the use of a system which will help the management in terms of their transactions. The conceptual framework of the Online Reservation of Eden Spring Resort is presented below. The first phase is the requirements planning phase, the first thing that the researchers will do is to differentiate the different transactions of the Eden Spring Resort. However, the res earchers already observe the common problems occur in their current system before the actual study begins. Because of the problems identified, the researchers proposed a system that will help them. subsequently the researchers identified the different problems and the different transactions, the researchers will identify the needed requirements on every transaction to be use in developing a system.The researchers will also interview the owner and the employees to know how their transactions are being conducted. The second phase is the user design phase, the information that the will be gathered in the requirements planning phase will be used in making the user design of the system. The information gathered will be the bases in determining the inputs and outputs of the system. Researchers will also include the flow of the information so that users will be steer upon using it. The third phase is the construction phase the researchers will start creating the program for the system and documenting as well. The documentation will serve as a guide on how to use the system.System testing will be done also while in this phase. Users can suggest some changes or improvements while the system is being developed. The last phase or the forth phase is the cutover phase, researchers will letthe users test the program to observe some errors and fall them to make the system work successfully and to meet the needs of the user. Users can still suggest some changes or improvements while the system is being tested. After it will be tested and no more errors or bugs were found, the system will now ready for deployment.FIGURE 2 Conceptual Framework of the StudyREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIESThe application of the Internet in the business world has become a major trend in practice and generated a hot stream of research in the recent literature. The Internet, as a collection of interconnected computer networks, provides free exchanging of information. Over 400 millions of c omputers or more than 400,000 networks worldwide today are communicating with each other (Napier, Judd, Rivers, and Wagner, 2001). As such, the Internet has been becoming a powerful channel for business marketing and communication (Palmer, 1999), and for new business opportunities as it is often called as e-business or e-commerce today (Schneider & Perry, 2001). This new e-business or e-commerce virtual marketplace allows small companies competing with business giants by just having a better web presentation of their products/services.Under the same wave, online customers can enjoy a wider choice of products or services, more competitive prices, and being able to buy their favorite items/services from the sellers located thousands miles away. It provides communication between consumers and companies and through Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), buyers and sellers can exchange standard business transactions such as invoices or purchase orders with remarkable ease. The role of websi te quality in attracting online reserves and empirically test their proposed model with potential lodging customers. Authors indicate that information completeness and ease of use are important determinants of website quality. (Jeong et al.2005) According to the study of airfare reservation system, airfare reservation systems over attributes like information quality, system use, system quality, services quality, and customer loyalty. Their results show that North American-based websites outperform Asian-based ones.(Law and Leung 2002)The online booking in the hospitality industry (includingHotel/motel, airlines, travels packages, etc.) is increasing at a very rapid speed recently, especially at the lower rate end. (Deegan & Horan, 2003) The hotel industry is certainly full aware of this trend and fully willing to contribute its share in this effort. In fact, the industry has recognize that during those early forays into cyberspace, the industry didnt view e-booking strategically ( many hotels simply considered online room bookings at the time as a way to pick up additional business by selling distressed inventory through those online travel agencies), and handed over too much control of inventory and pricing to those third party online travel agencies. Now the industry is in the unenviable position of trying to take back the reins after early shopping patterns have been established. term the pressure to sell their inventory rooms online will be continuing, the industry has developed its new online strategy striving to get a better mesmerize on this emerging marketing channel. (Jiaqin Yang, Jan Flynn & Krista Anderson) Online hotel reservations are becoming a very popular method for booking hotel rooms.Travelers can book rooms from home by using online security to protect their privacy and financial information and by using several online travel agents to compare prices and facilities at different hotels. People can book directly on an individual hotels webs ite. An increasing number of hotels are building their own websites to allow them to market their hotels directly to consumers. Non-franchise chain hotels require a booking engine application to be attached to their website to permit people to book rooms in real time. One advantage of booking with the hotel directly is the use of the hotels full cancellation policy as well as not needing a deposit in most situations. (John Burns) According to Stuart study entitled International Reservations Systems Their Strategic and Operational Implications for the UK Hotel Industry, presented details of the method and results of an investigation of the role and influence of international reservations systems within the UK hotel industry.The research comprised three questionnaire surveys of the use of computer reservations systems and distribution services by UK hotels. These were analyzed and produced an indication of general use of systems and the contribution which these currently make to hote l groups and consortia. The work also included a study of developments in access methods and changes in buyer behavior as observed by representatives of computer reservation anddistribution system, travel agency, hotel representation and intercessor companies. (Stuart 1995)According to this study, the system allows the guests to do their booking online by them self. Some of task that the system can do are providing a query for arriving date and the distance of staying, providing the number of On rooms, view all available rooms and provides user the ability to choose one or more of them, recording the number of on rooms, view all available rooms and provides the user the ability to choose one or more of them, recording kind of guests and how many going to be in the single room, providing the cost of booking, asking the users if they want additional service such as, dinner or breakfast, storing the guests detail like, name, address and telephone, asking the user for confirmation, fi nal confirmation views with the detail of booking and the guests can review or cancel the booking. (Louw, Door Janne, 2006) 658 Apartelle Online Reservation System, short term base lodging is the main(prenominal) causal agency that a hotel has been established.In the Philippines, wherein many foreign people go and have a vacation, hotel is always their first destination to have relaxation after long hours of travel in an airplane. Because of the rapid increase of foreigners visiting the Philippines for a vacation, a common sight is the establishments ad sophisticated hotels for competitive advantage. The 658 Apartelle Online Reservation Management System is not only a database for guest list but also an online reservation system, where potential guest can have online reservation which will mechanically be sent to the database of the 658 Apartelle. Based on the proponents observation and interview, they have found many problems such as time consuming log of the guest list names to the log book, difficulties in making reservations and difficulties in retrieving information on their previous guests because of the papers that are scattered everywhere and misplacing of the guestless records. (Bituin Abi, overbearing 2010)A resort is a place used for relaxation or recreation, where visitors are being attracted to take their holiday or vacation. It refers to places, towns or sometimes mercenary establishments operated by a single company. On the other hand, a hotel is differentiated as an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. calculator programmers are continuously developing a systemapplication to better serve resort or hotel guests because some hotels and resorts are becoming fully automated while others are still striving for the similar setting. The researchers introduce a LAN-Based Reservation with Billing System for Hacienda Gracia Resort and Hotel to improve its reservation and billing system. The sexual climax of new technolog y gave rise to easy and hassle-free interaction between and among humans. This is why most hotel and resorts prefer to employ computerization in their business. (Lagman , September 2012)RESEARCH METHODOLOGIESThis partition includes research design, research environment, research respondents, and data gathering procedure, research instrument and statistical treatment of the study.Research DesignThe researchers used the descriptive method in which the employees and the owner are the respondents in the Eden Spring Resort. This method will be used in acquiring the response of the questionnaire and interview as the main tools in gathering the desired information that is needed for the study and getting the responses of the respondents regarding the information for the development of the online reservation of Eden Spring Resort.Research EnvironmentThis study was conducted at the Eden Spring Resort that was located in the Sitio Tab-ang, Barangay Pagatban, Bayawan City, Negros Oriental Phi lippines. The owners of this establishment are Mr. Dominador Torillo Ortaliz also known as Dennis and Mrs. Elizabeth Nodado Ortaliz also known as Beth. Eden was a combination of the names of the owners, Elizabeth and Dennis. They started constructing the Eden Spring Resort in mid of February but they started their business on June 14, 2012.Research RespondentThe owner and the employees will serve as our respondent of our study. They are the one who will be frequently using the system.Data Gathering ProceduresAfter asking license to the owner of the establishment, we will be giving the questionnaires to the owner and the employee, we will also conduct an interview to them about the different problems encountered by the resort.Research InstrumentsThe tool used by the researchers to gather the informations needed is the questionnaires. The questionnaires are used to gather some data to the management of the resort regarding the current reservation or different transactions made by the Eden Spring Resort.Statistical Treatment of the StudyThis research study will use weighted mean formula in determining the acceptance level of the developed computerized recording system.WhereWX = weighted meanf = frequencyx = valuesn = number number of respondentsORGANIZATION OF THE STUDYThis study will have (2) parts. Part 1 contains the Thesis write up which consists of three (3) chapters. Chapter I presents the problem and scope of the study. This covers the Rationale of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Significance of the Study, Scope and Limitation of the Study, Definition of Terms, the Theoretical Framework of the Study and its Schematic Diagram, Conceptual Framework of the Study and its Schematic Diagram. It also discusses further on the Review of Related Literature and studies of the research problem. It explained the research methodology, which comprises the Research Design, Research Locale, Research Respondents, Research Instruments, Data Gathering Procedure, and Org anization of the Study.Chapter II includes the Presentation and Analysis of the Data Gathered from the respondents. The Data were presented in tabular form which were analyze and used as basis were implications can be drawn.Chapter three was the summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendation, after which the program design.Part 2 contains the System Design, Flow Chart, Data Dictionary, and SystemRequirements.

Irregular Warfare

Army is beginning to shape itself for complex irregular war outlying(prenominal)gon. The new Army vision calls for a campaign-quality Army- that incorporates both Joint and expeditionary capabilities.This includes the capacity non only to conduct decibels combat operations, but also to sustain operations indefinitely, as well as to adapt Itself to the unexpected and unpredictable, As Army gaffer of Staff General Shoemaker puts It, The Army preeminent challenge Is to reconcile expeditionary agility and responsiveness with the staying power, durability, and adaptability to carry a conflict to a prideful conclusion no matter what form it eventually takes. This vision is oriented on the more asymmetric adversaries targeted in the war on bratwurst.General Shoemaker focuses on the undetectable and morally unconstrained adversaries who are opposed to the United States and its allies. The Army professes to recognize that its enemies will seek asymmetric approaches that provide shelter in those environments and methods for which we are least prepared. Overcoming this adversary requires the adoption off mindset that Is both expeditionary and Joint. This approach accepts uncertainty about location, the high probability of an austere environment, and the need to postulate Immediately upon arrival.It moves the Army from Its current disposition toward predictable enemies to an understanding that the new enemies are elusive and will have to be engaged in the far corners of the world. Appropriately, the individual soldier is the centerpiece for the Army transformation. The Armys pending transformation gives primacy to the warrior ethos, training, and education of the ultimate combination of sensor and shooter, the individual soldier. Its education programs will focus on teaching soldiers how, rather than what, to think, since defeating adaptive enemies requires the Army to outthinking the enemy.The vision statement aptly notes the need for greater agility and versatility, which it says will be gained by emphasizing modularity at the brigade level and combined arms at the lower levels. 1986 Goldwater-Nichols Act and the related Initiative to establish U. S. Special Operations Command (COM). 38 implant wealth the congressional legislation was the express expectation that the services achieve a higher order of mint cooperation. Additionally, Congress mandated a particular service-like stipulation for Special Forces to preclude longstanding prejudices against the elite, unconventional, and secretive component of Americas arsenal.Congresss insights in this regard have paid significant dividends in the past few years. Operation fixed Freedom (Afghanistan) revealed a remarkable renaissance in operational capability. Small teams of agile warriors quickly established relationships with the leadership of Afghanistans Northern Alliance and ably utilize Americas firepower against the Taliban. Subsequently, numerous examples of valor and Improvisation on the fly in Iraq and elsewhere are testimony to the need for and utility of Special Forces.In a world of anarchy, the get the hang of chaos provide sophisticated and discriminate means. 39 The Department of Defense has recognized the Importance of this unique arm In the war on terror and assigned COM with a lead role In combating transnational terrorist networks. Comas end strength has been increased since 1 ,405 members in IFFY, to nearly 53,000 personnel. 40 Army particular forces, SEAL teams, and aviation support have albeit increased. During the troubles in Northern Ireland, the arrival of British troops in 1969 was at first welcomed by Roman Catholics.But the armys cruel methods, such as large cordon-and-search operations and the shooting of 13 civilians on Bloody Sunday in 1972, pushed many Catholics into the arms of the Provisional Irish republican Army. Historically, counterinsurgency campaigns have almost always failed. This is especially so when the counterinsurgency are for eign troops fighting on the insurgents territory.

The Story of Odysseus

Odysseus, a desperate player or a faithful husband? In my opinion, I believe that Odysseus is a hopeless player. Although he was trying to return to Ithaca so that he could be reunited with his beautiful wife Penelope, on his journey he was not always faithful. First take away I would describe Odysseus as a desperate type of guy because he tries to charm every girl he lays eyes upon, he leave go for anything he can find. On one of his adventures he received a bath from four lovely ladies. Odysseus just meets these women and he starts flirting with them.That is perfectly appalling and quite disturbing. Also thats not all this selfish player did. Secondly, Odysseus cheated on Penelope more than once Thats so rude, and blustering He cheated with Calypso at least once and with Circe multiple times Crew members Elpenor, Achaemenides, and Mnestheus said that they had a feeling Odysseus was cheating because he always odd the sleeping area at night, and would return in the morning. Mak ing it seem like he never even cared about Penelope. Was it really a devise to get back to home or just meet a bunch of women on the way?Lastly I think Odysseus is a imposter because he gets mad at the suitors for having sex with the maids even though he did the same thing with Calypso and Circe. It doesnt make sense to me how you can be mad at someone for something then you go to the same thing? In my statement saying Odysseus is a hopeless player him being a hypocrite basically described the first part, hopeless. Every now and then I think that Odysseus needs to check himself. Overall Odysseus, not a right guy, he flirts, he cheats, and hes a hypocrite. In other words hes a hopeless player.

Distribution of US Budget in Military and Education

Even though the Cold War era is a far-flung memory, encased in glass forever like both(prenominal) museum piece, our presidency is still spending as if the Soviet Union was in its prime. If the arms airstream is a forgotten memory, then why is the military still spending 86% of what it was spending during the Cold War. Its non that us Americans do non want a solid military, we just believe that our military is wasting billions of dollars at the expense of our baby birdrens education and well being.50 years ago our dry land, and the spotless world was in disparate need of a strong U.S. military. We inflated our military budget, and gave the government and mysterious businesses an enormous appetite. Without a major curse to the United States since the collapse of the Soviet Union, our government seems to be in competition with itself. 50 years ago we sent tons and tons of troops abroad to fight in a foreign land, while we pumped private businesses up with the manu position uring of military equipment.The need for such products and the need for an over-healthy military allowance is large gone. While we sunk billions after billions of taxpayers money on wars that we were boisterously proud to spend (it gave us all the prestige we could ever ask for), our affiliate were investing in their childrens education and well being. The result now is that while we have the most elite military capabilities, our childrens educational take aim is extremely under developed. European and Japanese children significantly outperform American children in math and upper-level reading.This should not be too surprising, our children are canvas history books that are from a decade ago. This creates difficult obstacles for our children to keep up on current politics and other global events. Also the over move of classrooms desexs it extremely difficult for your child to get that personalized learning which may determine his or her ability to learn at all. Every child lea rns at a different rate and possibly in different ways, this makes it virtually impossible for teachers to tap into every childs full learning potential.If your child needs that extra, personalized attention, but is not defined as handicapped their specific learning needs will most likely be unmarked and that may be the beginning of your childs inability to learn. According to a study done by the state of Tennessee, reducing classroom surface in early grades (K-3rd) can improve a childs performance even after being placed back into their regular coat class.Another major problem hindering our childrens education is the fact that the teachers with the priceless responsibility of developing our childs mind are dead underpaid. Teachers barely make an honest living and are often subliminal role models to our young students. Although there are countless exceptionally dedicated teachers in America, a significantly higher salary would ensure the quality of almost all teachers. Remember what we were taught about incentives at a young age, the carrot in front of the rabbit, well that would definitely apply for these individuals we need to count on everyday.So, where is all of the money going to come from to improve our childrens education, well, remember our maven with that uncontrollable appetite? During the Cold Wars prime the U.S. was spending $325 billion a year. And today, with the Cold War boxed up and put on a shelf, the military is still spending $290 billion a year (NCR,1999). This is an alarming figure that we are spending on a military without both outside threat to contend with, in fact it seems to be their only real mission is to play servant to the United Nations, fighting little skirmishes in countries that dont want our help.One would be hopeful that since we are in an era of peace time that we could enjoy peace dividends. However, the military and those private sector businesses that created such an enormous appetite refuse to exercise a Post-Cold War diet. Maybe we need to e-mail the pentagon, they might be reading our childrens decade old history books, in that case they wouldnt know that the Berlin Wall is down and the Soviet Union has collapsed.Another astonishing fact is that our country has become the worlds largest arms dealer, selling to almost any country with the money to do business. And if they cant afford them, our government will put them on a payment plan, acting much like a scene right out of The Godfather. Is this our government, or is this Don Corleone, striking deals with some pretty shady characters. One cant help wondering where all of this cold hard cash is going from these deals.It is no mystery that our government budgets are in desperate need of reform, well, there are active groups lobbying to change the spending habits of our government. One of the most effective of these groups is the wrinkle Leaders for fairish Priorities, which is comprised of influential individuals like Ben Cohen, cofounder of Ben & Jerrys and former assistant secretary of state, Lawrence Korb, along with a cabinet of ex-military and big business leaders. The group is most certainly not an anti-military faction, however they are dedicated to refocusing the militarys useless spending (NCR, 1999). They are not opposed to our military having the best equipment possible, that is if someone were to present it to them. If the decision is for the military to have a great new ship, or for our children to have a better education, of course the military is going to have to make due.Currently the federal government only participates in 7% of the funding for our schools, while the state and the local community split the rest. This is an raises enormous concerns due to the fact that poorer communities are at a significant disadvantage. Some communities can spend up to five times as much as less rose-cheeked ones (NATIONAL PTA, 1996).To achieve these goals for a better future for our kids and further more, our cou ntry, we need to make education our biggest priority. Adding up the militarys inflated $290 billion a year, and comparing it to whats left over for all other spending, including education, a meager $246 billion (NCR, 1999). This is an insult to our childrens development as growing intellectuals. 6% of the entire budget is allocated for our childrens education, this states the true fact that their education is not important. The money is truly there, we simply need to redirect it and our governments priorities. Like stated by Business Leaders for Sensible Priorities, The winners and losers are not going to be determined by the size of their gunboats, but by the level of their childrens level of education.

Ray Rice vs. Solange and Jay Z

Violence against one another is not okay either way male or female. The quill Rice, Jay Z and Collagen incident happened the train same way Just the opposite sex. This interlocking within the celebrities had the world talking. What Happened? Or is there sound to hear what theyre sallying The reason this has an effect on our elaboration Is because both Jay Z and Ray Rice are huge role models to deal. In the music Industry Jay Z Is a role model to people because people want to be just like him.Ray Rice is the man n the NFG and he has people that want to play in the league and that fount up to him as their favorite player. The difference between the videos is that one is a male and one is a female whiffs doing the hitting. No one knows what really happened or what caused the fight they Just see hitting. Now since Collagen was hitting Jay Z people didnt make It a big deal, some of the peoples comments were Collagen got them hands Or She can fight people were basically worshipping her, not understanding that she was attacking him. What if he would use up swung back?Then Jay z would have been labeled as a fair sex beater, but instead he didnt he Just kept moving her. In the middle of every affaire I still am trying to figure turn up why Beyond didnt do anything. Instead of people understanding that Collagen is a woman and not hitting her was the right thing to do, people are grammatical construction hes a female dog and a vagina. All of this Is because he has respect not only for women but his wife, by not hitting her sister. One thing I did find interesting while researching is that some reporters say he reason Collagen went off like that is because she found out Jay Z has been hitting Beyond.Beyond has a song out and in this song one of her lyrics say sit goes down when its a billion dollars on an elevator. Shocker that happened, could that be the reason Beyond wasnt armed combat back? Now Ray Rice and his fiance, that whole video was disrespectful to start. Not only did he spit on her while she was walking past but he did It again when he got on the elevator. For Ray Rice to do something like that shows that he has no respect for any woman. One someone comment was l onto care how mad you get never spit on a lady then put your hands on her ESP. wear out known as Sports Center was going crazy. Ray Rice was the trending topic all day. He stop up getting suspended and his wife ended up staying with him. She caused all that drama to be right back with him. Some people still call her a Gold- digger, because she Just wants his money. The fight between Ray Rice and his fiance grabbed more attention in the media and throughout the world because hes a football athlete. He has his whole football career ahead of him and he almost threw it al away over hitting a woman.I remember watching ESP. and one of the reporters stated, Was he drunk? Does he know what could happen to him? name three of media literacy is the ability to distinguish emotional from reasoned reactions when responding to content and to act accordingly. The emotional part was watching his sympathy for her. In closing, both fights were wrong, both fights shouldnt have happened, but everyone has their problems. No one knows everyones problems but when youre a star or a celebrity, there is no private life.

Trade Union Development

look at conglutination Development in Jamaica & Trinidad & Tobago conduct sum totalism Hugh W. Springer ? contend unificationism is an instrument of sociable change and progress. It had to be invented because it is a necessary character reference of the apparatus of democratic semipolitical science in modern industrial society. In the West Indies the lot coalescence trend came into existence as part of the larger causa for the freedom and self-directed nationhood. ?Economic Conditions that contri neverthelessed to discontentedness in the Region ? ? ? ? ? ? ? initiative Great De insistencyion late 19th Century Low pay / Increased mechanisation of processes (affected mostly women) Rising Prices / Rising Cost of Living Increasing Unemployment & Underemployment Reduction in Working Hours 1929 Financial Crisis in the USA Other No Machinery to air grievances Lack of governmental and good rights Unsanitary massageing conditions Role of the Media ? ? ?Dissemination of i nformation that reached the masses ( sensitivespapers) but National Newspaper promoted non bad(p)istic interests Audio and Visual information d bingle Radio broadcast and refresheds reels at cinemas Case A group of intellectuals developed a radical critique that second to shape a new political culture in Trinidad, they did so through A literary journal squawked Trinidad The beacon magazine in that respect was in like manner a alike(p) type of vehicle used in Jamaica c whollyed the Plain Talk, a Garveyite every week newspaper edited by Alfred Mendez & Public Opinion used by local intellectuals to write garner and articlesWorld Events as well as Social Factors that Contributed to Greater take aims of Consciousness at a Regional Level attacks on the Abyssinians aroused anti-white feelings among the blacks ? Italian ? The repatriation of pushers who had g sensation to Latin America ?Marcus Garvey and the world(a) inkiness forward motion tie beam which increase class solidarity and the advocacy of Trade pithism as well as it contributed to the spread of red ink ideas workers had taken big businessman and property from the Capitalist ? Russia ? Ex-servicemen returning home after World War 1Welcome to Jamaica Gud feh si yuh Conditions Unique to Jamaica ? ? ? ? ? Crisis in Banana Production Mass migration in Kingston and St. Andrew Areas (urban) The Radicalisation of Waterfront Workers The influence of Marcus Garvey (who was deported back to JA from the US in1927) The Emergence of Rastafarianism Leonard Howell Late 19th Century ? ? ? Angry protest broke tabu in numerous of the colonies Trade Unions were still misbranded At least 16 serious disturbances occurred amid 1884-1905 harmonize to Bolland approximately in Jamaica (1884,1894,1895,1901,1902 & 1912) Trinidad 1903Jamaica ? ? ? The largest economy of the region They in like mannerk the sensation in confronting the colonial Power-Structure Their history of revolution Maroo ns victory in 1738 Morant Bay rise in 1865 in which regulator Eyre had to expeditiously abolish the Representative type political relation and it found approval with the colonial office New Constitution introduced bill Colony The Representative casing of Government Governors (representing the Imperial Powers) Conflict over power in the clay particularly concerning finance Legislators (local vested Interest)Local Crown Colony Structure Resident Governor (Autocratic Power) executive director Council (Policy making) Legislative Assembly Nominated (majority) / Elected (minority) Jamaica ? apprise Overview Prior to emancipation (during apprenticeship) there was a noniceable trek of wage labour Land science had become favorite among former slaves By the 1860s the majority of the labour force comprised of sm wholly farmers, peasants, rural (nonstate) labourers and independent semi-skilled tradesman growing faint heart Class Jamaica Pre 1930 ? ? ?Between World War I & I I, there were more vocalising of colonial exploitation and oppression The Mass causa Bedwardism, a quasireligious body of unemployed labourers was comely popular The movement of Garveyism philosophy of negritude improvement and denunciation of the white-power regime unite Negro Improvement tie-in (UNIA) Jamaica Pre 1930 Contd ? ? Both Bedwardism & Garveyism as Mass Movements suffered from the alienation of the Middle-Class Jamaicans But the Middle Class too was involved in the struggle with several quasi-political & nationalist organisations Social Reconstruction League The National emend Association The Jamaica Progressive League Early Organised labor ? ? ? Workers at the Kingston Ice manufacturing plant went on touch on in 1917 and several were imprisoned In 1918 tram and dock workers began organising Several drives took posterior in 1918 as a matter of fact a strike among sugar workers resulted in untamed police action where 3 populate were killed and several op posites injuredEarly Organised repel Cont ? ? ? In 1919 railway workers organize a marrow under come home called the Workingmens Cooperative Association Bain-Alves with the help of Alfred Mends formed the Jamaican federation of tug (JFL) a group of small unions The JFL petitioned the Governor for heavy and positive recognition for Trade Unions, which saw the TU practice of law became law in Oct. 25th 1919 The Trade Union Law ? ? ? Conferred legal status on registered Trade Unions and protected them from prosecution for conspiracy and unlawful combinations It did not confab immunity for Union and workers from liability of tort or breach of Contract It did not legalise pacifist(prenominal) picketing The strikes and organisation of workers in 1917 & 1918 provided the necessary pressure that resulted in the legalisation of TUs blot 1930 ? ? ? ? ?Labour protest took lead astrayping center in 1935 along the North Coast although it was peaceful, armed forces were sent One pers on died, several quite a little injured and several arrests were made In 1936 the Jamaica Workers and Tradesmen Union (JWTU) was formed and lead by A. G. S. Coombs and H. C. Buchanan Hunger bourn followed in Kingston and Spanish Town led by L. W. Rose, a shoemaker and by UNIA transcriber L. E. Barnett In 1937 there was a middle class tidy the National Reform Association (NRA) Noel Nethersole (President) wad Hill (Secretary) and F. A.Glasspole they had formed a radical, socially active network interest 1930 Contd ? ? ? ? Manleys Jamaicans Labour Party was launched in April 1937 Manley had won the trust of the Colonial Officials He had refused to run for elections as well as to become the president of the NRA saying that the fusss in Jamaica were social and economic not political So up to 1938 the two most serious attempts to organize operative people were the JWTU and the Poor Mans Improvement Land Settlement and Labour Association (PMILSLA) William Alexander Bustamante ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Opportunitist or Hero of the Working class? man Coombs and Buchanan were financially pressed in an attempt to organize workers into the JWTU, they accepted assistance from Bustamante, who was a money loaner He became the Unions Treasurer in 1936 He went to Cuba at the age of 21, then go to Panama a few years later before moving back to Cuba In 1928 he move a dairy business in Jamaica but by 1932 he was in New York calling himself Alejandro Bustamanti In 1934 he finally returned to Jamaica He became a prolific writer of letters to the press and in 1936 was speaking at meetings, thus gaining popularity Bustamante challenged Coombs for the attractionship of the JWTU but Coombs resigned before it could positively happened Bustamante after set around op come in from Coombs supporters quitted from the Union April June 1938 ? ? ? ? ? According to Bolland first was the riot and strike at Frome Estate in Westmoreland between April 29th whitethorn 2nd Protest, Strike s and uprising in Kingston between May 2nd May 28th Mainly Dock workers Many Demonstrations, Riots and Rolling Strikes throughout the Island between May 23rd June eleventh All of which were confronted by the armed forces Bustamante and Grant were charged with Sedition, inciting people to assemble unlawfully and refusing to move on when ordered to and taken to jail Contd ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? With the incarceration of the two Manley took a more prominent subprogram using the ame strategy as Bustamante as a mediator opposed to trade union leader A state of emergency was declared By this time Bustamante was becoming a martyr and hart and Buchanan did not want workers to return to work until Bustamante and Grant were released The Dock workers too did not want Manleys advice In essence, Manleys role as mediator was accepted by the Government and Employers but was rejected by the Waterfront workers This laid the fundament for the Bustamante industrial Trade Union (BITU) according to Bo lland The Governor agitateed a board of placation In response Manley announced the creation of a Labour Committee which was the foundation of the Labour Party in Jamaica (political strategy) Hart and Buchanan cooperated with the committee Contd ? ? ?Manley was instrumental in the release of Bustamante on May 28th 1938 who was greeted by a large crowd but he claimed credit for doing soften than Manley in terms of negotiating increases on their behalf Because of this impression created by Bustamante he was able to give-up the ghost workers to return to work Both cousins then worked with the Conciliation Board to settle some other claims before it Rebellions after the Release of Bustamante ? ? ? ? ? ? On May 30 Mandeville in Manchester was full of demonstrations Roads were blocked and telephone wires cut in Santa Cruz and Black River in St Elizabeth Banana workers were on strike in St Mary, St Cathrine and Portland The strike at Prospect Estate in Hanover and Islington on June 2nd and 3rd respectively Several people were killed and more injured Both Bustamante and Manley traveled around the country trying to get strikers to accept offers made to them as they saw the bigger problem macrocosm unemployment Aftermath ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The state intervened with a land settlement scheme, tools, seeds, etc According to the Commissioners report octetsome people were killed, scores injured both law enforcers and civilians and over four hundred person were convicted and given over punishments Rivalry emerged between the two cousins Manley founded the mountains National Party (PNP) British Fabian Socialism in phratry 1938 Nationalistic An autocratic style of leadership was developed by Bustamante Bustamante registered his Union on 23rd January 1939 Bustamante industrial Trade Union (BITU) labouristic The rules constituted him as president for life and gave him power to control its funds and to appoint a committee of Management authoritarian style of leadership Di sunity ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Within the Trade Union Movement itself there was a matchry between Bustamante (President of BITU) and Coombs (President of JWTU) The BITU was growing rapidly and leaders from the JWTU were changing alliances But the JWTU re importanted popular among the banana and dock workers in St James After a worker who was also a appendage of the JWTU told Grant (BITU) his union is not wanted there an altercation ensued Bustamante then called an Islandwide strike Some workers heeded to the call and as a result a State of Emergency was issued The strike was a major ill and blow to the TU movement Disunity Contd ? ? ? Bustamante broke the truce and broke away from the Trade Union consultative Council Protection from state for strike breakers Despite the evidence of need for unity the movements remained divided depth psychology of the Rebellion ? Locality Rural interest in land ownership Urban more proletarianised ? ? ? traffic between Capital and Labour Levels of consc iousness and organization of workers Known contradictions by the state Impact of the Rebellion in Jamaica ? ? ? ? ? ?It provided an experience in labour political relation that irreversibly changed the colonys political culture It wrung several concessions from the colonial government Bustamante and Manley were promoted to the status of Leaders of the Labour and Nationalist Movement Appointment of a board of Conciliation to settle labour disputes and make recommendations to relieve unemployment this was also an indication of acceptance for dialog between employees and employers Changes were made in the Jamaicas Constitution in 1944 where the British-style Westminster Model was adopted The achievement of Universal Suffrage in 1944 Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? Bustamante was arrested from September 8th 1940 to 8th February 1942 Manley and the PNPs left stepped in to revive the BITU There was a call from the PNPs left wing for unity between the movements establish on race and clas s consciousness which contributed to the growth of the anti-colonial and nationalist movement The PNP headed by Manley advocated for constituent(a) reform by demanding a Bicameral legislature.Manley was also in favour of a Federation After Bustamantes release the coalition was solidified between the BITU and the PNP with the mandate of changing the government but this collaboration was design and ended in February 1942 Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? ? Despite the truce to keep the peace strikes broke out in St Thomas in 1940 (sugar workers) Leaders started demanding the realityation of the Moyne Commission root All strikes failed In 1942 there was an imposing of several restrictions through legislation again Defence Projects and Essential Services (Trade Disputes) order Mid-1942 Jamaica was in serious crisis increased unemployment The Citizens Emergency Council (CEC) was formed in May 1942 and included groups such as JTUC, JUWU, UNIA, FCA, Jamaica Union of Teachers as well as t he Capitalist Association Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? ?Henry and several other union activists lost their jobs on the railway and as a result they started to organise government workers Richards go to have the unions not recognised as he saw potential danger for the transport system The Authorized Associations (Government Departments) (Defence) Regulation was passed to make it impossible for non-government employees to lead unions as it forbid membership of persons who were not government employees The GREU in particular cabled Citrine to intervene and Manley filed for an injunction against the Governor The 4Hs were detained under the same regulation but ultimate the British government revoked it and restored the right for government employees to select their own officials These efforts however did not equate into similar numbers as the BITU base Manley / PNP / NWUs Operations ? ? ? ? Manleys PNP contributed to the fundamental change towards self-rule in 1943 Aimed at uniting all the classes in Jamaica The PNPs policy was formally socialist Manley expelled the 4 Hs in 1952 and formed the National Workers Unions (NWU) which was largely responsible for his victory in the 1955 elections Bustamante / BITU / JLP ? ? ? ? ? ?Bustamante did not really campaign for systemal reform but was priming himself for the opportunity when it came through the formation of the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) Instead the JLP advocated a conservative reformist policy which aimed to narrow the socio-economic gap JLP was supported by the old propertied elect In essence there was the formation of an alliance between the in the lead labour leader and the leading capitalist The BITU won elections in 1946 and as Minister of Communications became a source of additional power and as a promotional opportunity The BITU also expanded its power through closed shop agreements and took a law & order stance in dealing with IA Violent Clashes Between the BITU/JLP & PNP/NWU ? ? On October twenti eth 1947 at Trench Pen left several BITU/JLP members dead and wounded PNP Supporter J. Nicholas after being threatened by the BITU gang shot and killed Clifford Reid Jamaica Conclusion ? ? The evolution of self-government weakened the ability of nonionic labour to influence class structure and class relations Political reforms created competitions within the labour movement at the expense of meaningful social change Trinidad and TobagoAn Overview ? ? ? ? ? ? Slavery had lasted a relatively short flow rate of time in T compared to Jamaica and other Islands The Building up of the Mass Movement was much slow because there was no common base upon which that spirit of national consciousness could have been forged Middle class support however, was quicker and forthcoming The earliest and longest lasting organisation of functional people in the British Caribbean was the Trinidad Workingmens Association (TWA) 1897 it had two divisions TWA was involved in Political reform than it was in Trade Unionism By WWI there was no organisation devoted to the rank-andfile workers T Pre 1930 ? ? ?The general social system mirror that of the UK In the 1830s in the UK Trade Unions had not been fully establish It was only in the latter half of the 19th Century that the legislative and institutional framework was attaining that stage of development which would modify a free labour movement to emerge T Pre 1930 Contd ? ? ? ? ? In 1917 workers in crude oil and asphalt industries were involved in serious disturbances The strikes had all failed Strikers were arrested and some were given prison sentences The TWA by 1919 became the main agency for collective political and industrial action Although still illegal organised Labour was distinctly progressing Three Main Sectors ? ? Sugar Cocoa Prices depressed due to drop in world prices in early 1920s (2nd Great Depression) mechanisation of the production processes increased unemployment ? Oil although substantial profits worker s make little T invest 1930 ? ? ? ?New radical leadership started to develop Politically motivated competitory groups began to agitate and organise workers including the unemployed TWA had become less effective and united as an organisation A rival organisation called the Trinidad and Tobago Trade Union centre was formed and gained popularity in the 1930s T Post 1930 Contd ? ? ? ? ? The Trade Union Ordinance came into being in 1932 It made Trade Unions legal until now it did not legalise peaceful picketing and provided immunity for them from legal actions for damages arising out of strike actions In 1934 however, pantryman did not register a Trade Union instead it was a political party named Trinidad Labour Party (TLP) There was increasing dissatisfaction within the TWA/TLP over Ciprianis authoritarian leadership T Post 1930 Contd ? ? ?A series of hunger marches and demonstrations were taking place between 1933-1935 Several new organisations were formed and they attacked Cipria nis leadership of the Labour movement, mobilised workers and initiated new, radical labour politics In fact there was a hunger march to the Governor in the Red House in June 1933 T Post 1930 Contd ? ? In 1934 the National Unemployment Movement formed by Elma Francois, Jim Barrette and Jim Headley who organised demonstrations that spread like wildfire through the country By 1935 the NUM had transformed itself into an organisation with more broadly defined goals but narrower social base, the Negro benefit Cultural and Social Association (NWCSA) T 1935 sufficeivities that paved the way for the Labour Riots of 1937 ? ? ? ? ? ? Apex Oilfields went on strike During a hungry march to POS organised by pantryman and Rojas they were stopped by police and Cipriani This event pronounced the start of butlers rise as a labour leader in the oilfields of gray Trinidad Links were also made between pantryman and NWCSA The Trinidad Citizens League (TCL) founded by Adrian Cola Rienzi who was craze d about Indian nationalism and world socialism Butler and Rojas were a part of the TCL as well 1936 ? ? ? Butler started his party called the British Empire Workers and Citizens Home Rule Party (BEWCHRP) He declared himself Chief handmaiden He was not a revolutionary but a traditional leader according to Bolland. he had socialist and anti-imperialist ideas like Rienzi and NWCSA who really provided leadership direction and organisation for the emergence of Trade UnionsWhere there Employers Organisations all the while? ? Yes T 1937 ? ? ? Poor working conditions fuelled labour riots and strikes from June 1937 Tubal Uriah Butler had become the catalyst that was need for industrial action in the oil districts Butler and his organisers planned peaceful (sit- go across) strikes restricted to the Oil persistence June 1937 ? ? ? The strikes were carded for June 22nd but due to information from the armed forces it was brought forward to June 18th It was an island-wide labour Crisis that in volved all industries including Tobago Few people died including a police officer and several were injured This will take us to Charlie King Junction State Intervention ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The Governor came up with a double policy of conciliation and repression He announced that he would seek a settlement which will be fair to employers and employees analogous A State of Emergency was declared on June 26th A committee of the Executive Council was appointed to hear the workers grievances and seek reconciliation The Governor proposed new rates (minimum struggle) for Government Workers Oil companies agreed to go on the minimum wage and shorten working hours A commission of inquiry was also launched into the disturbances Collective dicker ? On July 25th 1937 a committee of oil workers publicly announce their intention for a union to conduct negotiations via the process of Collective Bargaining The fact that Trinidad had become the British empires largest manufacturer of oil was an importa nt determinant of imperial policy towards the labour disturbances By the end of 1937.. ? Six Unions had gained official recognition from the colonial government, they were Amalgamated Building & Wood Workers Trade Union 1st to register Oilfield Workers Trade Union (OWTU) All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Trade Union Federated Workers Trade Union Seamen & Waterfront Workers Trade Union Public Works Workers Trade Union The Colonial Government in T ? ? ? ? Governor Fletcher admittedly expressed concern over the extremely low wages paid to workers especially in the sugar and oil industries Nankivell, the colonial secretary was even more outspoken, he pointed out that the cost of aliveness was increasing and the Governments revenue increased as industries prospered while workers situation had continued to get worse They displayed a more benignante view of workers than Employers But it was short lived as pressure from the capital class amounted and Fletcher opted to s trengthens laws at the detriment of Trade UnionsImpact of the Rebellion in T ? ? ? The commission recommended the creation of a labour department the appointment of a labour officer to act as mediator and judge between employer and employees The establishment of an industrial Court An amendment to the workers compensation law to include agricultural labourers On the other hand however laws were passed to strengthen sedition, restrain public meeting and public speakers and they also made illegal for more than ten persons to gather in public These represented Labour, legislative and Political reforms and employee rights such as the right to negotiate and air grievances Impact Contd ? ? ? ? ? Development of an organised advanced labour movement between 1937 and 1939 Universal suffrage Uniting of races to put forward a class struggle Rienzi established the Committee of industrial Organisation (CIO) which was a precursor to the TTTUC which formed in 1939 Proliferation of labour righ ts as human Rights issues But these civil/human rights did not address the discrimination of women in Labour According to Bolland ? The saliency of race and class, and their relationship to the structure and fluctuating fortunes of the economy, were central to the emergence of the Labour movement in Trinidad Industrial Action at its Best ? ? ? ? ? ?Clement Payne referred to a strike put on by women working in a garment factory who were demanding increased wages and better living conditions when negotiations broke down in 1939 After a week of strike other workers from other factories joined in, in unselfishness Conciliation had failed Other Unions pledged assistance and supported a boycott of all the stores displaying the clothing Although the employers tried to break the strike by using strike breakers, it did not work They gained 12% wage increase, an eight hour day, 2 weeks annual vacation, protective clothing & a system of shop-floor representation Further arrangement ? ? ? Th e OWTU was represented by Rienzi and Mentor at the 2nd Guianese and West Indian Labour Conference in British Guiana The Trinidad and Tobago Trades Union Council was formed in March 1939 and was modelled after the British TUC Scholarships were made available from the British TUC for Trade union members to study abroad Moyne Commission (1938 1939) Recommendations ? ? ? ? ? ?The enactment of laws to protect trade unions from actions for damages consequent on strikes legalisation of peaceful picketing compulsory adjustment of Trade Unions and audit of their funds Interim Labour departments /officers to cover the period until Trade Unions can play a decisive role in the regulation of wages and conditions of employment The appointment of a Labour Advisor at the Comptroller of the West Indian Welfare Fund who would maintain close liaison with Labour Officers/Departments The establishment of a Labour Department in the Colonial Office and the appointment of a Labour advisory Committee who se members are experts in Labour and colonial questions The creation of wages boards as a means of fixing wages preferable t legislation The establishment of an Industrial Court for the West Indies Moyne Commission (1938 1939) Recommendations ? ? ? ? ? The establishment of unemployment insurance Adequate factory inspection and factory legislation The adoption of a Workmens Compensation Scheme based on Canadian practice In the sugar industry the imposition of welfare levies to finance welfare schemes They also recommended the following The appointment of women on all Boards and Local authorities which includes government office, judicial office and public office Butler ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Butler was working class and displayed an authoritarian leadership style OnMay 6th 1939 Butler was released from Prison He was incorporated into the OWTU Despite a clear procedure to deal with grievances and lack of the Unions support, Butler urged workers to strike As a result he was expelled from the OWTU in August 1939 Butler continued to stir up unrest in the oil belt and was imprisoned until 1945 and continued to lead his BEWCHRP Butler major supporters were in the southern oil belts and they remained faithful to him so much so that the strike called by him in December 1946 was successful Butler was the only Labour leader that made a genuine attempt to unify the masses and was unwilling to compromise with employers and colonial administrators Disunities in the 1940s ? Divisions in the economy Imperial Capitalist (sugar and oil industries) Local Capitalist (cocoa, coconut and food crop sector) Indian Indentured labours African Trinidadians Middle Class leaders (Rienzi) Working class leaders (Butler) ? Divisions in the working class ? Divisions in the labour Sectoral Divisions that hampered an Unified Political Movement Divisions by Race African linage Indian Chinese European There were further divisions in terms of class, place of residence and religion.Political Ac tivities in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? Rienzi and the OWTU launched the Socialist Party of T (SPTT) in March 1941 There were some minor constitutional changes where the number of electives on the legislative council was increased from seven to nine and the number of electives on the executive council was increased to two Chief officers of the OWTU were also members of the TTTUC and in 1943 they advocated for Rienzis elevation to the EC This caused Gomes, Pitt and Joseph of the San Fernando Borough to turn against him In November of 1943 Rienzis SPTT nominees were defeated in the San Fernando Borough elections Political Activities in the 1940s Contd ? ? ? ? ? ?Soon after Pitt and Joseph formed the rival WINP (early 1942) The franchise committee put forward a report but Rienzi had a minority position which was supported by the Governor In February 1944 Rienzi was offered the position of acting Second Crown Council in the Colonial Service, a position he accepted and Rojas succeeded him at the OWTU In 1944 the EC increased to four but the Governor still was not obligated to go on the advise of this council In 1944 there was also the adoption of universal suffrage for all adults over 21 but candidates for election had to be literate person in English, with an income not less than $960/yr or property valued at least $5,000. 00 Cipriani died in 1945 Political Activities in the 1940s Contd ? ? ? ? ? ?Elections were held on July 1st 1946 by this time Rienzi also exited the political arena In light of these two major losses to the political world new ambitions blossomed, the WINP although formed in 1942 became more active in 1944 and gained the support of the FWTU. In WINP was later converted into the United nominal head (UF) Some of the TLP leader left the organization and formed the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) both of which had no success in this election Three seats were won each to the UF and BEWCHRP, the SPTT won two and one to an independent candidate The major leaders failed to secure a win There was no self-government at this time Unrest in 1947-1949 ? ? ? ? ? ?The Public Works Union (PWU) called a strike in Port of Spain on January 8th 1947 App. 1200 of Butlers supporters staged a protest march in through the capital Sugar Workers led by Ranjit Kumar who opposed the Sugar Workers Union went on strike on May 5th 1947 OWTU admitted that the influx of Butlerites strengthened the Union in terms of militancy and size of it On April 28th 1949 Butler petitioned the Colonial Secretary in the UK and several of his supported protested against the new constitution which allowed for 8 of the 26 seated not to be elected On May Day the TTTUC held a demonstration in San Fernando and Butlers Party held one in Port of Spain Elections 1950 and beyond ? ? ? ? ? ?Elections 18th September 1950 extinct of the 18 seats contested Butlers Party BEWCHRP won six seats The Trinidad Labour Party (TLP) and Political Progress Group (PPG) won two each, the Caribbea n Socialist Party (CSP) won one and the other seven were won by independents, Gomes was the only other leader to be elected devil of the independents joined with the BEWCHRP and thus formed the largest group in the legislature (8 seats) Butler and his members were bypassed for a position of the Executive Council although he deserved it Butler attempted elections again in 1956 but was defeated by Eric Williams and the Peoples National Movement (PNM) Industrial Stabilization Act 1965 ? During the early 1960s the industrial relations climate in Trinidad and Tobago was tense. There was an increasing number of strikes and labour disputes which threatened the economic growth and productiveness of the country ? ? As a result the Industrial Stabilisation Act, 1965, was enacted Later repealed and replaced by the Industrial dealing Act , 1972, Chapter 8801 Industrial Relations Act 1972 ? ? An Act to make better provision for the stabilization, improvement and promotion of industrial relatio ns.The IRA provides for the following Free collective bargaining between employer and workers through their deputy associations, The development of a peaceful and expeditious procedure for the settlement of disputes, The establishment of the Industrial Court, The recognition and registration of trade unions, The freedom to be represented by a trade union and the right not to associate, and Industrial action which may be taken by both employer and employee In Short Trade Union Movement Decolonisation (the establishment of democratic Westminster-style) Independence (the middle classes controlled political parties) Regional and outside(a) Alliances ? ? ? ?The TTTUC progressed into other alliances such as The Caribbean Labour Congress (CLC) began in 1945 World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) 1st conference was held in 1945 CODORIT and its parent ORIT who were financially dependent on the AFL External Factors that also affected the Trade Movement Post 1930 ? ? ? ? The second Wo rld War (WW2) 1939-1945 The decline of the British Empire The rise of the United Sates of America The Cold War 1947-1991 Globalisation ? Is one of the reasons why a regional body was not formed. Issues of foreign investments, potential for wealth accumulation which depended largely on competition. Facts of Both Countries Jamaica Trinidad & TobagoTripartite Labour Relation & Industrial disputes Act 1975 (A1978 & 1986) Ministry of Labour advise, direction, conciliation, Pay & conditions of employment, monitors Tripartite Industrial Stabilization Act 1965 Industrial Relations Act 1972 Ministry of Labour conciliation Trade Union Act 1919 Majority Trade Union representational right to vote Joint Industrial Councils Industrial Disputes Tribunal (decision not final) Trade Union Ordinance 1933 Trade Union Act 1950 Majority Trade Union according to Law No industry wide negotiations Industrial Court Fact of both Countries Contd Jamaica Trinidad & Tobago Collective Agreements not lawful ly binding Collective Agreements legally bindingIndustrial Action permissible only for Industrial Action permissible for interest disputes interest disputes No legal right to strike 20% Union Density as at 1988 Legal right to strike 25% Union Density as at 1988 Sequence of Institutional Building ? ? ? Jamaica the trade union movement provided the base for political party growth (struggles there gave raise to constitutional reform) T similar to that of Jamaica (constitutional changes towards universal suffrage and self government gave rise to political parties) Therefore literature refers to it as the politics of labour which impacted the culture of politics throughout the Caribbean Conclusion ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? akin conditions exist today Similar conclusions/recommendations in all the inquiries Use the Police and the Police involvement in riots Treatment of leaders/organizers according to Elma Francois cited in Bolland In Trinidad when the workers ask for bread they get bullets and jail sentences There were two (2) sectors in velocity classes (i) the colonial Power/officials and (ii) the capitalist, where the capitalist was backed by the colonial state Socio-Economic situation remained intact scorn constitutional reform Rulers became authoritarian The weakness of the Labour and Nationalist Movement was the fact individuals wanted to trail there selfish ambitions Labour colleges were formed in both countries References ? ? ? ? ? ? On the March Labour rebellion in the British Caribbean, 1934-1939 O. Nigel Bolland The Politics of Labour in the British Caribbean The Social Origins of Authoritarianism and Democracy in the Labour Movement O. Nigel Bolland Rise and Organise The Birth of the Workers and National Movement in Jamaica Richard Hart Report of the West India Commission The Moyne Commission Labour Education in the British Caribbean ed. Rawle Farley education for Trade Unionist Trade Unionism and Industrial Relations in the Commonwealth Caribbean His tory, Contemporary Practice and Prospect Lawrence shield

Female power in Macbeth and ‘The Laboratory Essay

Likewise skirt Macbeth exploits her sexual take for over Macbeth as means to persuade him to commit murder. And you would be so a lot How do the writers seek female power in Macbeth and The research laboratory? In this essay I will be indite ab come forward female power in Macbeth and The lab. I will be analyzing them twain to army the similarities and differences between the two pieces. some(prenominal) include a strong, crafty and dominant female character and Shakespeare and toasting explore these characters fully and in great detail.Both the verbalizer in The Laboratory and noblewoman Macbeth make to maintain their innocent images. The speaker in The Laboratory wants to kill by means of administering a upright looking object. She describes the potion as beingness an yonder soft phial, the exquisite blue leading the reader to look at that what is actually deadly, is not. The speaker remains above reproach free to reclaim her love. Lady Macbeth is a contraband charact er, she tells Macbeth he must look like the innocent flower but be the ophidian infrat.In other words he must portray pure and innocent qualities whilst being prepared to act with murderous intent. The key words in this quotation are innocent and serpent. They are a contracting pair demonstrating the manipulative and two faced nature of Lady Macbeth. Both Browning and Shakespeare build their characters in this way to ensure the audience are left with no agreement for them. Both writers skillfully paint a picture of vengeful women who are prepared to stop at nothing to achieve their desires. Lady Macbeth uses flirtatious behavior and language in the same way the speaker in The Laboratory.Their aim is to seduce the male characters in order to get what they want. In The Laboratory the narrator uses sexual blackmail to encourage the apothecary to believe that it is acceptable for him to create the poison. She takes great frolic in watching its preparation, she is hungry for revenge . Yet when it is finished she says You may kiss me old man on my mouth, she clearly wants to reward his actions with a degree of intimacy rather than any financial reward She is spontaneous to use her sexual allure to get what she wants.In this way she is transgressing her marriage vows by seeking sexual contact with a man other than her husband whilst using her natural attractiveness to her benefit. Likewise Lady Macbeth exploits her sexual hold over Macbeth as means to persuade him to commit murder. And you would be so much more a man Lady Macbeth uses this as sexual blackmail to convince Macbeth into killing pansy Duncan. This works because Macbeth wants to impress his wife and to show her that he deserves his manhood.Both characters require this quality in greenness its hows the audience how manipulative they can be. Both the speaker in The a Laboratory and Lady Macbeth use persuasive language as a means of exerting power over men. Lady Macbeth persuades a husband to obey h er through the use of shock tactics. Other than titillating him she says that she would have clashed the brains out of her child than breaking a promise to have killed the King. In this way she seems pretty disregarding of her function as a potential mother and viciously brutal.The audience in Shakespeares time would have considered her to be unatural as she does not seem bothered by the horrible image she has created. The speaker in the Laboratory uses compliments and flattery to persuade the apothecary that making the poison is an okay thing to do. Thee and thy treasures is apply as an example of how the narrator bigs up his work. Browning and Shakespeare use this to show female power because it shows that both of the characters have so much power over men.